Preview

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Conquest and Colonies

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Spain Builds an Empire
• The Portuguese in Brazil
• French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the
  Americas
• Quick Facts Causes and Effects of the French and
  Indian War
• Map Colonies in the Americas

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Conquest and Colonies
Main Idea The countries of Europe established
colonies in the lands they had discovered but, in
some cases, only after violently conquering the
native people who lived there.

• Reading Focus
• How did Spain build an empire in the Americas?
• What kind of colony did the Portuguese establish
  in Brazil?
• What was life like in the French, Dutch, and
  English colonies in the Americas?

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Spain Builds an Empire

• Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new
  lands
• Spain first to successfully settle in the
  Americas
• Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs
  and Incas

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The Conquest of Mexico

• Conquistador
• Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland
  to set up colonies
• Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended
  with conquest of Aztecs
• Cortés a conquistador, military leader who fought
  against Native Americans

• Cortes Marches on Capital
• Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish
  arrival in Mexico
• Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico unpopular
  with those they conquered
• Cortés joined by thousands of those who wanted to
  defeat Aztecs

• Other Advantages
• In addition to Native American allies, Cortés had
  metal weapons, heavy armor, guns, horsesanimals
  never seen before in Americas
• Disease also swept through Aztec Empire, killing
  thousands of people

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Aztec Empire

• November 8, 1519, Cortés, army entered
  Tenochtitlán, Aztec capital
• Cortés, Moctezuma greeted each other respectfully
  
• Spanish soon took emperor prisoner
• Battle erupted
• Moctezuma killed
• Months of heavy fighting followed
• Cortés eventually took city
• Defeated entire Aztec empire

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The Conquest of Peru
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• Life in the Spanish Empire
• With Mexico, Peru, Spain gained control of huge
  empire in Americas
• Spanish king chose officials, viceroys, to govern
  American holdings
• Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver
  mining, farming
• Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in
  mines, on farms

• Beginnings of Slavery
• Disease, mistreatment took toll on native
  population
• Some appalled at treatment
• One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas recommended
  replacing Native Americans as laborers with
  imported African slaves
• Slave labor soon became common practice in
  Americas

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Summarize How did the Spanish create an empire
in the Americas?
Answer(s) conquered Aztec and Inca empires
appointed viceroys to govern
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The Portuguese in Brazil
Portuguese built an empire in the
Americas Because of treaty, their empire was not
as large as the Spanish one
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Explain Why did few colonists originally move to
Brazil?
Answer(s) Heavy jungles made farming and mining
difficult.
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French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the
Americas
Silver and gold from American colonies began to
circulate in Europe other European countries
paid close attention. Leaders in France,
England, and the Netherlands decided that they
needed to establish colonies in the Americas.
Native American hunters were the French traders
main source of furs. Many traders married Native
American women, intermingling the two cultures.
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Further Explorations
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The Dutch of New Netherland

• Trade Interests
• Dutch who came to North America interested in
  trade
• Only large colony, New Netherland, in Hudson
  River valley

• New Amsterdam
• 1626, governor bought island of Manhattan from
  Wappinger
• Founded city of New Amsterdam, later New York City

• Slow Growth in Americas
• New Netherland did not grow
• Dutch focused on developing colonies in other
  parts of world
• Other colonies more profitable

• More Valuable Goods
• Produced goods that could not be obtained in
  Europe, Americas
• Caribbean sugar, Asian spices more valuable

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The English Colonies

• 1607, first English colony established at
  Jamestown
• Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route
  to Pacific
• Instead found marshy ground, impure water
• 80 percent of settlers died during first winter
  in America
• Colony still endured

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British-French Conflict

• Problems
• English ran into conflict with French settlers in
  Americas
• Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle
  in French territory, upper Ohio River valley
  tension in region grew war broke out, 1754

• French and Indian War
• Both had Native American allies English called
  it French and Indian War
• War began badly for British French had more
  soldiers than English
• British turned tide, took city of Quebec

• Costly War
• Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada,
  all French territory east of Mississippi
• War costly for British king tried to place costs
  of war on colonists
• Led to resentment, which eventually brought about
  American Revolution

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Sequence What series of events led to the French
and Indian War?
Answer(s) English attempted to settle in Ohio
River valley tension grew between English and
French Native Americans allied with each side