APES Big Stuff Review

1
APES Big Stuff Review

• Brian Kaestner
• Saint Marys Hall

2
Plate Tectonics
3
Reykjanes Ridge
EURASIAN PLATE
EURASIAN PLATE
Mid- Atlantic Ocean Ridge
ANATOLIAN PLATE
JUAN DE FUCA PLATE
NORTH AMERICAN PLATE
CARIBBEAN PLATE
CHINA SUBPLATE
Transform fault
ARABIAN PLATE
PHILIPINE PLATE
PACIFIC PLATE
AFRICAN PLATE
COCOS PLATE
Mid- Indian Ocean Ridge
SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE
Transform fault
Carlsberg Ridge
East Pacific Rise
AFRICAN PLATE
INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE
Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge
Transform fault
Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge
ANTARCTIC PLATE
Plate motion at convergent plate boundaries
Plate motion at divergent plate boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries
4
Internal Earth Processes

• Divergent boundary

• Convergent boundary

• Subduction zone

• Transform fault

5
The Rock Cycle
Sedimentary Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone
Heat, Pressure
External Processes Internal Processes
Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble
Heat, Pressure
Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt
Magma (Molten Rock)
6
Soils Formation

• Soil horizons

• Soil profile

• Humus

7
Rove beetle
Pseudoscorpion
Flatworm
Centipede
Ant
Ground beetle
Mite
Roundworms
Adult fly
Fly larvae
Beetle
Springtail
Mites
Protozoa
Millipede
Bacteria
Sowbug
Slug
Fungi
Actinomycetes
Snail
Mite
Earthworms
Organic debris
8
Mosaic of closely packed pebbles, boulders
Alkaline, dark, and rich in humus
Weak humus- mineral mixture
Dry, brown to reddish-brown with
variable accumulations of clay,
calcium carbonate, and soluble salts
Clay, calcium compounds
Desert Soil (hot, dry climate)
Grassland Soil (semiarid climate)
9
Forest litter leaf mold
Acid litter and humus
Acidic light- colored humus
Humus-mineral mixture
Light-colored and acidic
Light, grayish- brown, silt loam
Iron and aluminum compounds mixed with clay
Dark brown Firm clay
Humus and iron and aluminum compounds
Tropical Rain Forest Soil (humid, tropical
climate)
Deciduous Forest Soil (humid, mild climate)
Coniferous Forest Soil (humid, cold climate)
10
Soil Properties

• Infiltration

• Leaching

• Porosity/permeability

• Texture

• pH

11
Population Dispersion
Clumped (elephants)
Uniform (creosote bush)
Random (dandelions)
12
Factors Affecting Population Size
POPULATION SIZE
Growth factors (biotic potential)
Decrease factors (environmental resistance)
Abiotic
Abiotic
Too much or too little light Temperature too high
or too low Unfavorable chemical environment (too
much or too little of critical nutrients)
Favorable light Favorable temperature Favorable
chemical environment (optimal level of critical
nutrients)
Biotic
Biotic
High reproductive rate Generalized niche Adequate
food supply Suitable habitat Ability to compete
for resources Ability to hide from or
defend against predators Ability to resist
diseases and parasites Ability to migrate and
live in other habitats Ability to adapt to
environmental change
Low reproductive rate Specialized
niche Inadequate food supply Unsuitable or
destroyed habitat Too many competitors Insufficien
t ability to hide from or defend against
predators Inability to resist diseases and
parasites Inability to migrate and live in other
habitats Inability to adapt to
environmental change
13
Reproductive Patterns and Survival

• r-selected species

• K-selected species

14
Survivorship Curves
15
Population Studies
Sampling Population Species Diversity
Index Population Distribution Population
Density Doubling Time Carrying Capacity
Limiting factors Population Growth
Rate Succession Food Webs
16
Human Population Demographics
DT 70/pgr DT doubling time pgr population
growth rate ()
17
Factors Affecting Human Population Size

• Population change equation

• Zero population growth (ZPG)

• Crude birth rate (BR)

• Crude death rate (DR)

18
Population Age Structure
19
The Demographic Transition
20
The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency
Energy Inputs
System
Outputs

• Net useful energy

9
7

• Life cycle cost

41
U.S. economy and lifestyles
84
Least Efficient

• Incandescent lights

43
7

• Internal combustion engine

5
4
Useful energy
Nonrenewable fossil fuels
Petrochemicals
Nonrenewable nuclear

• Nuclear power plants

Unavoidable energy waste
Hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar
Biomass
Unnecessary energy waste
21
Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

• Insulation

• Elimination of air leaks

• Air to air heat exchangers

• Cogeneration

• Efficient electric motors

• High-efficiency lighting

• Increasing fuel economy

22
Solutions A Sustainable Energy Strategy
23
Outdoor Air Pollution

• Primary pollutants

• Secondary pollutants

24
Temperature Inversions

• Subsidence inversion

• Radiation inversion

25
Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid
Deposition

• Acid deposition

• Wet deposition

• Dry deposition

26
Acid Deposition and Aquatic Systems

• Fish declines

• Undesirable species

• Aluminum toxicity

• Acid shock

27
Acid Deposition, Plants, and Soil

• Nutrient leaching

• Heavy metal release

• Weakens trees

• Fig. 17.14, p. 432
• See Connections p. 431

28
Solutions Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution

• Clean Air Act

• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

• Primary and secondary standards

• Output control vs. input control

29
Emission Reduction
30
Reducing IndoorAir Pollution
31
Risk and Probability

• Risk

• Probability

• Riskassessment

• Riskmanagement

32
Toxins

• LD50

25
33
Water Quality Testing
DO BOD Temp Phosphates Nitrates Turbidity
34
Types and Sources of Water Pollution

• Point sources

• Nonpoint sources

• Biological oxygen demand

• Water quality

35
Pollution of Streams

• Oxygen sag curve

• Factors influencing recovery

36
Pollution of Lakes

• Eutrophication

• Slow turnover

• Thermal stratification

37
Technological Approach Sewage Treatment

• Mechanical and biological treatment

38
Technological Approach Advanced Sewage Treatment

• Removes specific pollutants

39
Solid Waste Management
40
Power plant
Steam
Smokestack
Electricity
Turbine
Generator
Crane
Wet scrubber
Boiler
Electrostatic precipitator
Furnace
Conveyor
Dirty water
Fly ash
Water
Bottom ash
Waste pit
Conven- tional landfill
Hazardous Waste landfill
Waste treatment
41
When landfill is full, layers of soil and
clay seal in trash
Electricity generator building
Methane storage and compressor building
Topsoil
Leachate treatment system
Sand
Clay
Garbage
Pipe collect explosive methane gas used as
fuel to generate electricity
Methane gas recovery
Leachate storage tanks
Compacted solid waste
Garbage
Sand
Synthetic liner
Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks
pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill
Sand
Clay
Subsoil
42
The Natural Greenhouse Effect

• Greenhouse effect

• Greenhouse gases

43
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
250
200
Index (1900 100)
150
100
1990
2000
2025
2050
2075
2100
Year
44
Human Activities and Earths Climate

• Increased use of fossil fuels

• Deforestation

• Global warming

• Melting icecaps and glaciers

• Coral reef bleaching

45
Some Possible Effects of a Warmer World
46
Solutions Dealing with the Threat of Climate
Change