Russian Revolution

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Russian Revolution
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(No Transcript)
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The Romanovs Czar Alexander III

• Czar Alexander III autocracy
• Strict censorship codes
• Secret police
• Oppressed nationalist groups
• Russia was official language

Persecuted the Jews through pogroms (organized
violence)
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Nicholas II The Last Romanov Tsarr. 1894-1917
Tsar Nicholas II and family
Wife Alexandra (German born)
Son Alexis
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Hemophilia the Tsarevich, Alexis
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Causes of the Revolution

• 1 Industrialization
• Relied on foreign investors, increased taxes

Trans-Siberian Railway, 1891
Became worlds 4th-ranking producer of steel
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Causes of the Revolution

• 2 Social Discontent
• Marxism the proletariat
• Moderates Mensheviks
• Radicals Bolsheviks

dispose of our money
pray on our behalf
eat on our behalf
shoot at us
We work for them, while they
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Causes of the Revolution
3 Weak Economy
4 Weak Leadership
1905 Russian Rubles
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Causes of the Revolution
5 Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

• Russia suffers humiliating defeat

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Treaty of Portsmouth NH - 1905
President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the
Peacemaker He gets the Nobel Peace Prize for
his efforts.
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6 Bloody Sunday Jan. 22, 1905

• Mob of 200,000 workers families marched to
  czars Winter Palace in St. Petersburg fired
  upon

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The Tsars October Manifesto

• Nich II reluctantly created the Duma (Russias
  1st parliament)
• Leaders were moderates who wanted constitutional
  monarchy
• Dissolved Duma after 10 weeks
• Granted civil liberties
• Universal male suffrage (voting)

October 30, 1905
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7 World War I, The Final Straw

• Russia unprepared weak generals, poorly
  equipped army
• 1915 Nich II moved headquarters to war front
• Soldiers deserted, mutinied, ignored orders

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Behind the Throne
Son Alexis Suffered from Hemophilia
Alexandra, wife of Nicholas II Ran govt while
he was a way
Grigori Rasputin, mysterious holy man
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The Mad Monk

• Rasputin claimed to have magical healing powers
• Helped Alexis in exchange for political
  decision-making power
• Opposed reform
• 1916 murdered by group of nobles

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The March Revolution, 1917

• Women textile workers in Petrograd led citywide
  strike (shortages of bread fuel)

Down with autocracy!
Down with the war!
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Czar Abdicates Throne

• Nicholas II and family were executed a year later
• http//www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-
  sci-romanov11-2009mar11,0,7557518.story

Remains of Nicholas II and his family were
recently discovered and re-buried in St.
Petersburg
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Provisional Government

• Est. by the Duma headed by Alexander Kerensky
• Conditions in Russia worsened
• Soviets (local councils of workers, peasants,
  soldiers) were formed

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The Bolsheviks

• Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin
• Peace, Land, and Bread

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The Bolshevik Revolution, Nov. 1917

• Factory workers stormed Winter Palace the
  Bolshevik Red Guards
• Took over the provisional govt

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Bolshevik Govt

• Lenin ordered farmland to be distributed among
  peasants
• Factories under control of workers
• Signed truce with Germany to stop fighting
  begin peace talks

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918

• Russia surrendered large part of territory
• Widespread anger among Russians, objected to
  Bolshevik policies

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Civil War
White Army
Red Army
vs.
Opponents to Bolsheviks
Supporters of Bolsheviks
Red Army led by Leon Trotsky
Red Army Victorious
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Lenin Restores Order

• New Economic Policy (NEP) ? small-scale
  capitalism?
• Peasants sell surplus crops
• Govt ran industries, banks, communication
• Private ownership of small factories,
  businesses, farms
• Country slowly recovered

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Bolshevik Political Reforms

• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
• Bolsheviks ? Communist Party
• Lenin established dictatorship of the
  Proletariat

Communist Party
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Stalin Becomes Dictator

• Leon Trotsky v. Joseph Stalin
• Trotsky forced into exile
• Stalin becomes absolute dictator

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Joseph Stalin man of steel

• Tiflis Theological Seminary ? joined secret
  organization
• Exposed to Marxism, expelled
• Joined Socialist Democratic Labor Party
• Arrested exiled many times
• Lenin appointed him General Secretary of
  Bolshevik govt
• Lenin later concerned of Stalins growing power

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Totalitarianism

• Govt has total, complete control over every
  aspect of public private life
• Dynamic leader
• Secret police to crush opposition
• Indoctrination
• Propaganda censorship
• Religious or ethnic persecution

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Stalins Totalitarian State

• Police state
• Great Purge eliminate anyone who threatened
  Stalins power
• 8-13 million deaths
• Propaganda
• Controlled all media
• Communist Party newspaper Pravda

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Stalins Totalitarian State

• Controlled all education ? indoctrination
• Religious persecution
• Attacked all religion
• Persecuted Russian Orthodox Church

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Stalins Economy

• Command economy govt made all decisions
• Five-Year Plans for development of Soviet Unions
  economy
• Limited production of consumer goods shortages

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Five Year Plans
1927 1932 1937
Coal 35 million tons 64 mt (75 mt target) 128 mt (152 mt target)
Oil 12 million tons 21 mt (22 mt target) 29 mt (47 mt target)
Iron Ore 5 million tons 12 mt (19 mt target) unknown
Pig Iron 3 million tons 6 mt (10 mt target) 15 mt (16 mt target)
Steel 4 million tons 6 mt (10 mt target) 18 mt (17 mt target)
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Stalins Economy

• Seized 25 million privately owned farms ?
  combined them into large, govt-owned farms known
  as collective farms
• Produced food for the state
• Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resisted ? killed

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Life with Stalin

• Womens roles expanded
• Laws passed to grant women equal rights
• BUT had full-time jobs managed home
• Better educated, new skills
• BUT
• Loss of personal freedoms
• Shortage of goods

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Total Control

• Conformity obedience required of citizens in
  totalitarian state
• China would also fall under the influence of
  Marxism Communist beliefs
• Leads to tragic conflicts later in the 20th
  century

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Collapse of Soviet Union

• 1989 Fall of Berlin Wall