Tel

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???????

• ????????????? ? ?
• TelFax 010-6275-0536(o)
• E-mail zhoucheng_at_pku.edu.cn

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???????

• ?????????????
• 1.????
• 2.????
• 3.????
• ??????????????
• 1.????
• 2.????
• 3.SCI???????

3
??

• ????????????????????,?????????????
• ?????????(Science Studies)????(Science of
  Science) ????????????????????????????

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?????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  
• ??????(Econometrics)??????(Sociometrics)??????Scie
  ntometrics?????????,??????????

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• ????????????, ?????????????
• 1.????(19??????20???)
• 2.????(20????60???)
• 3.???? (20??70???)

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1.????

• ?????????, ???????????????,??????????????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ???????(Alphonse de Candolle, 1806- 1893)
• ???????(Francis Galton, 1822- 1911)

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1-1.???(Alphose de Candolle)

• ??????????, ????????????, ????????????????????????
  ????, ??1873 ?????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????,
  ?????????????????????????????????,????????????????
  ?????????????????????

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????,???????????,???
  ??????????????????

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1-2.???(Francis Galton)

• ???,??????????,19????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
• ???????,????????,?????????????????2??,????????????
  ????????
• ????????????????????????????????????(1869)
  ??????(1874)?

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• ????????????????????,????????????,????????,??????
  ????????????????????????, ????????????????
• ???????,????2500?????,??????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????,??????????????????
• ????????????????????, ?????????????????????????

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1-3.??(F. J. Cole)

• 20???,??????????????????????1917
  ????????(F.J.Cole) ?????????(N.B. Eales)
  ?????????????.????????????
• ?????1543- 1860 ?????????????????????6436?,
  ????????????????, ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????

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• ???????????????,??????????????????,???????????????
  ????
• ??????????????????????,???????????????????????????
  ???????

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2.????

• ????????????????????????(A.J.Lotka,1880-1949)?????
  ??????????????,???????(Derek J.de Solla
  Price,1922-1983)?????(Eugene Garfield,1926- ) ?
• ?????????????1879??????????????????,
  ????????????????????????????????????????????

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2-1.???(A.J.Lotka)

• ?????
• 1880?3??????????,??????????????????????????,??????
  ??????????????????????193839???????????1942??????
  ?????

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?????

• 1926??????????????????????????????190716?????
  ?A?B???6,891????????,????????(Auerbach)????????(
  1919)??1,325??????????
• ???????????,?????2 ??????????????1
  ?????????1/4 ??3 ??????????????1 ?????????1/9
  ????n ??????????????1 ?????????1/ n2
  ?????????????

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• ?????????????
• fnc/n2
• ??,n???????????,fn ???n??????????????????,c????
• ??lim?fn1,?c(11/221/32)1,c(p2/6)1
• ??c6/p20.6079
• ???1????????????????60?

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• ????????
• ??????,????????30??,????????????,?60???????????
• ??,??????????????????????????

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• ??????,?????????(Samuel C.Bradford,187848)???????
  ??(George K.Zipf,190250)???????????????,?????????
  ??????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????

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2-2.???(Derek J.de Solla Price)

• ?????
• ???1922?1?22???????,46?????????????,54????????????
  ???
• 194647?????????,?????????????????194750????????
  ????????195057??????????????,??????????????????,
  ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ?????

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• 1957???,1958????????????Donaldson
  Fellow,1960?????????Avalon Professor,?????????????
  ????1980??????,1983?9?3???????
• ?????????????,??????240?,??14??1976
  ???????????????,81????????????????????60??,??????
  ????????????,?????????????????,???????????

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????????????

• 1949???????????,????????????????????????????????
  ,?????????????,?????????????
• 1950?,????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ?

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Science Since Babylon

• ????????
• ?????????????????,????????????????????????,???????
  ????????????????
• ??????????1961 ?????,?????????????????????,?????
  ??,??????????????

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• ???????????????,????????,??????????????????????,??
  ?????????,??????????????????
• ???

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(No Transcript)
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• ???????
• ?????????????????????????,???15??????,????50??10?
  ,?150??1000?,?17????????300?????100???
• ?????????????????????????????????

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Little Science, Big Science

• ???,???
• 1962?,???????????????????????????(Pegram)????,??
  ??????????????????1? ???????2????????3??????
  ?????????4??????????
• ????????1963?????,?????????,????

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• ?????????????,?????????4??????30????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????,????1015"
  ??????1???????510?

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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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• ??15??????,??3???,????2?20?????,??100??????
• ??????????,????????????????
• ??????????15?,?8???????7?????,???????87.5?
• ????1020?????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????

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• ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????,??????????????????
• ???????1975??????????????????????????,????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????

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2-3.????(Eugene Garfied)

• ??????
• 1925?9?16????????????????,???????????,1949????????
  ,54???????????1961?????????????????????

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• ???????????????,???????????????????????,????????
  ??????????
• 1955??????????????,???????????????????60????????
  ????(ISI),??63??????????(SCI)?73???????????(SS
  CI)?78????????????????(AHCI)?

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??????

• ?????? 1963???
• ????5?,???613??????1961???????????,???1.4?????
• ?????? 1964?????
• ???????????2200??????????????,????????????????????
  ?

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• 1963????, 1964 ?????,
• 1979 ??????, ?????5 ?????
• 1985?,SCI???????3367?,??????620448?,??9719986??

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• ???????10 ????????SCI ?????????????????
  ???????, ?ISI ??????????(SCI data base)
  ???????
• ?????????????????????????????????5877
  ????????SCI ???, ?SCI Expanded?
• ??SCI Expanded???3500 ??????, ?SCI CED?
• ????????SCI ????????SCI CED ????

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• ??,SCI???3500 ???????????????????????????,
  ????????????????????, ????????????????
• ?????????????????????????, ???????????,
  ??????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????
• SCI ?????????, ????????????????????,
  ????????????????????????????

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• ??????
• 1 ????gt????????????
• 2 ????gt????????????????
• ??
• ?????????????????,????????????????????????

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• ??
• ????????????????,???????????????
• ??????????????,????????????
• ??????????????????????

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• ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ??,???????????????,???????????,?????????(????)????
  ??????????

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3.????

• 1969?????1??????????,???????????(V.V.Nalimov,1910-
  1997)?????(Z.M.Mulchenko)???????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????Scientometrics????
  ????????,?????????

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• 3-1.??????
• 1978?????????????????????
• 1982?,???????????????????
• 1984?,??????????
• 1987???????????????????
• 3-2.????????????
• 3-3.????????

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??????????????

• ?????SCI???????????,???????????????,?????????????
  ???????

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1.????

• ???????
• 1965?,??????????????,????Science???????????
  Networks of Scientific Papers???????,????????????
  ???????????,??????????????
• ???????

46

• ????
• ???????????????15?,??13??????,??2??????????????
• ?????,??????????7?????,??,100?????105????????????
  ?????1?????

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• ????
• ??????,???35????????????,?49???????1?,???16????
  ????3.2??
• ??,??9??????2?,3??????3?,2????4?,1???5?,???1?
  ?5????
• ????????????????

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• ????
• ?????,????????,??????4??????,?????????
• ?????,?????????????,????????????????????????????,
  ??????????????????,??????

49

• ?????
• ??????????,?????????????,?????????????????,???,??
  ??????????????????????,??????1961??15?????????196
  1??????????????????

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• ?????
• ?????,?????,????????????,??????????????,??????????
  ????????????????,???????,?????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????

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2.???? 2-1. ????????

• ??
• ????(Citation Rates) ??????????????????
• ????( Impact Factors)????????????????????????????
  ?????? ?????, ?????????????1?2???????????
• IFC/N
• N??????????,C?????????

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?????????????
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• ?????IF(1994???)
• Nature 25.466
• N.Engl. J. Med 22.674
• Science 22.067
• Lancet 17.332
• P.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA10.667
• ??????IF???13,?????????????IF?

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• 1988?SCI????????14?,?????????????B??0.157,????3
  470A?IF?0.148,????3501?14????8???0.1?
• 1996????????????????
• ????A?? ????B????0.3136?0.5853?????????????
  ,???0.7471????????????,?1744??
• ??????????????

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SCI??????????
56
???????????
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2-2. ????????

• SCI?????????
• 1961?,???????????????
• ????5.51,???????169,??30?
• ?????????????
• ????1.57,???????2.9

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• 19611975??????????????
• 162??????L.D.Landau18888, ????J.H.Jensen79???6???2
  00?,???2877??????50?
• 19611975????????250??,42?(17)????,151?(60)?????
  ????
• 1967???????50??,6??????,????6??????1969????????2??
  ?

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• ?SCI????????????
• 70????????????????????????????
• ??,?????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????SCI??

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?SCI????????????????
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(No Transcript)
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• ????????,nuture 28, science 9
• 1985????nuture????????15?,?????????100?
• ??????7??????????1100

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• ???????????,????????????
• ??????????????3
• ??SCI???????,????????????2?,???SCI??,3????SCI???
• ????10???????220?

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2-3. ????????

• ?SCI??????????????
• ?????????1996?????
• ????????411?,????534????????????????????????????2?
  3,????440?419?
• ?????????????????

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????2001?SCI????????
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(No Transcript)
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???????SCI??????????
74

• ???
• ?????????????
• ????????
• ????????

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2-4.SCI???????????
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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????
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3-1.??????????

• 1971?,M. Weinstock???15?????
• ???????
• ?????????
• ?????????????
• ??????
• ???????
• ???????
• ???????
• ???????
• ???????????

84

1. ????????????????????
2. ???????????
3. ??????????????????
4. ????????????????????
5. ??????????
6. ???????????

85

• 1977?F.C.Thorne???19??????????????????
• ????
• ????
• ????
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????
• ????
• ??

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3-2.????

• SCI???????3500????,????150???????
• ??????????
• ??????????
• ??????????
• 1994?,????50???400??
• 100???200?
• ?????????
• Wang J,1988???349,1989??521

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• THE END