THE BODY

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CHAPTER 43

• THE BODYS DEFENSE

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I. Nonspecific mechanisms

• Skin Mucous Membranes
• physical chemical (skin 3-5 pH)
• saliva, tears mucus perspiration
• nostril hairs

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• Phagocytic White Cells Natural Killer Cells
• neutrophils cells that become phagocytic in
  infected tissue
• monocytes become macrophages (phagocytize
  microbes)
• easinophils against larger invaders (like
  worms)

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• Antimicrobial Proteins
• complement system cause lysis of microbes
• interferons inhibit viral reproduction
  good against short term made with recombinant
  DNA

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• The Inflammatory Response
• caused when damage to tissue
• vasodilation increase blood flow redness
  (caused diffusion of fluid edema)
• chemical signals initiate histamine
  (vasodilation) prostaglandins (increase blood
  flow)
• migration of phagocytic cells
• more widespread response can occur in severe
  case (appendicitis)
• fever due to toxins or leukocytes

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II. Defense of specific invaders

• Key Features of Immune System
• Specificity
• antigen foreign substance that elicits
  immune response
• antibody antigen-binding proteins
• Diversity responds to different invaders
• Memory recognizes previously encountered
  antigens (acquired immunity)
• Self/Non-Self Recognition

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• Active vs. Passive Acquired Immunity
• active recovery from disease (artificial w/
  vaccine)
• passive transferred from one individual to
  another (pregnant) temporary

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• Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated
• humoral produce antibodies in response to
  toxins, free bacteria in body fluids
• cell-mediated intracellular bacteria,
  cancer, transplants (depends on direct action of
  lymphocytes)

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• Cell of Immune System
• 2 main classes of lymphocytes
• 1. B cells humoral (antibodies)
• 2. T cells cell-mediated
• kept in lymph organs

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III. The immune systems capacity to distinguish
self from nonself is critical in blood
transfusion transplants

• Blood Groups
• ABO blood groups nonself recognition
  (antigen present on surface of RBCs not
  antigenic to that person but may be foreign to
  another)
• A has A antigen make anti-B antibodies

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• Blood group antibodies --- agglutinate
• AB universal recipient
• O universal donor
• (not bad for fetus --- these antibodies cant
  cross)

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• Rh factor
• - problem when mother is negative baby is
  positive
• mother makes antibodies when blood crosses
  usually only a problem in 2nd child
• Rh antibodies can cross placenta destroy
  RBCs of fetus
• receive anti-Rh antibodies which destroy
  positive red cells before mother develops memory

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• Tissue Grafts Organ Transplants
• MHC (proteins embedded in plasma membranes of
  cells) biochemical fingerprint unique to each
  individual
• - complicates tissue grafts organ
  transplants

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IV. Abnormal immune function leads to disease
states

• Autoimmune disease immune system reacts against
  self
• some cases immune reactions against
  components of own cells lupus
• rheumatoid arthritis inflammation damages
  cartilage bones in joints
• destruction of insulin-producing pancreas
  cells insulin-dependent diabetes

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• Allergy hypersensitivity of bodys defense to
  environmental antigens (allergen)
• IgE antibodies recognize pollens as allergens
• antihistamines used to treat (histamines
  cause dilation increased permeability of small
  blood vessels)

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• Anaphylactic shock life-threatening reaction to
  injected antigens (sudden dilation decrease
  blood pressure death in a few minutes)
  epinephrine may be injected

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• Immunodeficiency
• individual is inherently deficient in either
  humoral or cell-mediated immune defenses
• not all inborn Hodgkins disease (cancer
  damages lymphatic) or physical emotional stress
  (adrenal hormones)
• direct links between nervous immune system

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• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• infection from HIV
• reduction of T cells causes secondary
  infection
• may remain as a provirus before becoming
  active
• not eliminated by antibodies because
• latent provirus, mutate, no T-cells