Do Now: Observation v. Inference

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Do Now Observation v. Inference

• Provide 5 observations and 5 Inferences

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Chapter 2One chance to work a crime scene...
ONE.
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Eyewitness Testimony

• Faulty eyewitness testimony contributed up to 87
  of wrongful convictions.

-1992 Innocence project
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Observation v. Inference

• Provide 5 observations

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Observation v. Inference

• Provide 5 observations

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How information is processed in the brain

• Observations
• Inferences
• Perception is limited and the way we view

Long term memory
Short Term memory
Perception
What We Pay Attention to
Info from our senses
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3.
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What do you notice?

• Transparency On
• Perception video

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Why can Perceptions of witnesses be faulty?

• Perception is Subjective
• Prejudicial
• Emotional state
• Upset/anxiety, happy or depressed
• Fear at the time of stress
• How humans are wired

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Perception test video
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vudxOFMU46Lcsafety_
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?NR1vtDObotwpOPQsa
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Perception test video
http//www.youtube.com/watch?NR1vtDObotwpOPQsa
fety_modetruepersist_safety_mode1safeactive
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Ugly to beauty video
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdAnRQncZ_ukNR1sa
fety_modetruepersist_safety_mode1safeactive
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How to be a good observer We know that we

• NOT inclined to pay attention to details
• Make a conscious effort to examine systematically
• Filter out unimportant material
• Instead cat like data gathering machines
• Jump to conclusions
• We must make observations
• Memories are faulty
• Documentation is paramount,
• Narrative, Photographs, Sketches

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4.
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A. Processing the Crime scene -What is a Crime
Scene?

• All areas over which the victim, criminal and
  eyewitness move during the commission of a crime.
  
• Pathways to and from.
• The physical location at which an offense was
  committed to include lines of approach and
  flight.
• The area of the crime scene can be relatively
  small or very large.

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Events while approaching the scene

• Securing and preserving the scene
• Search and collection

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What is the ultimate goal of the CSI team?

• The goal of an investigator is to
• Recognize
• Document
• Collect evidence at the scene of a crime

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Remember Locards Exchange Principle?

• It is impossible for a perpetrator to commit a
  crime without leaving or taking something at or
  from the scene of a crime.

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The Seven Ss of crime-scene investigation

1. Securing the scene
2. Separating the witnesses
3. Scanning the scene
4. Seeing the scene
5. Sketching the scene, (documenting)
6. Searching for evidence
7. Securing Collecting evidence

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Kurt Cobain

• Facts about Kurt Cobain's death
• Found April 8th 1994 dead in his home in Seattle
  Washington on the second story of his garage
  (green house)
• Shotgun wound to the head.
• face was still intact contrary to popular belief
• 3 times the lethal dose of heroin in his blood
  stream
• no finger prints on the gun, suicide note, or
  shell casing as if they had bin wiped clean

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TheCrimeScene
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Tom Grant's sketch of the scene
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Objective Identify The Seven Ss of crime-scene
investigation found within your narrative

1. Securing the scene
2. Separating the witnesses
3. Scanning the scene
4. Seeing the scene
5. Sketching the scene
6. Searching for evidence
7. Securing Collecting evidence

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Anything wrong in the excerpt from the Follow Up
Report?

• Obvious trauma to his head. There is a Remington
  m-11 20 gauge shotgun between the victims legs
  with the barrel pointed towards his head and his
  left hand wrapped around the barrel. The shotgun
  is inverted with the trigger and magazine trap
  door pointing up. The barrel end is just above
  his beltline. There is a sent 20 gauge shell
  casing on top of a brown corduroy jacket which is
  on top of a beige nylon shotgun case. These are
  just to the left of the victim and under one of
  the stainless steel garden trays.

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Excerpt from the Follow Up Report
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Remington m-11 20 gauge shotgun

• The inverted shotgun distinguishing the
  orientation that relates to the scene diagram
• Total length 45 in

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Greenhouse door
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Inside the Greenhouse

• The stool police claim Kurt used to "barricade"
  himself in the room
• greenhouse lock used to back up the story that
  Kurt "barricaded" himself in the Greenhouse

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Suicide Note
Kurt Cobain's "suicide note"
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IMMEDIATE AND/OR MAJOR GOALS (OBJECTIVES)

• ü      Collection of physical evidence
• -record Chain of Custody
• ü      Establish that a crime has been committed
  (corpus delicti _ elements of the crime)
• ü      Reconstruction of the crime
• ü      Identification / Link suspect to the crime
  scene
• ü      Establish probable cause

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Physical Evidence

• Any object that can establish a crime has been
  committed
• can provide a link between a crime and its victim
  or
• between a crime and its perpetrator
• Direct vs. circumstantial
• Physical vs. biological
• Class vs. Individual
• Trace

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ComparisonTwo types of characteristics

• Class characteristics
• Substances can be associated with a group but not
  individual source
• Blood types use factors in blood
• These can ID suspects at a crime scene
• Individual characteristics
• Substances that are related at almost 100
  probability
• Fingerprints are 1x1060 that 2 peoples are the
  same

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The Crime Scene Investigation team

• Police officers first arrival, DA if warrant was
  needed
• CSi document the scene collect evidence,
• recorders for photograph, narrative, sketch
• Evidence collectors
• Medical examiner/ coroner
• Detectives interview witnesses
• Specialists specialized forensic specialists
• Entomology, serology, anthropology

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Secure and Isolate the Crime Scene

•   There are three phases of crime scene
  management.
• Initial Notification and Response Securing,
• Searching the crime Scene and Documenting
• Disposition
• These three phases can be identified in 16 basic
  steps.

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Crime scene search case law

• LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
• Ability to identify each item of evidence
• Describe exact location of evidence
• Reconstruct crime scene
• Maintain chain of custody
• Explain any changes that might have occurred
  between the collection and preservation of the
  evidence.

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Objective Role Responsibilities

• Please assign a minimum of three Responsibilities
  to each member your team.
• 1st Officer (facilitator)
• Recorder
• Photographer
• Sketch Artist
• Narrative
• Evidence Collectors

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The Bone Collector
http//www.thebonecollector.com/home.html
If at anytime you feel threatened or
uncomfortable,
feel free to close your
eyes! If you feel this approach will not work
not you, you may sit in the hallway,
Absolutely ALL alone where the murder may still
be!
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2. Record the scene

• The opportunity to permanently record the scene
  in its original state must not be lost.
• Photography
• Sketches
• Notes

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Record the scene Photography

• Conducted before anything else is done to the
  crime scene.
• Crime scene photographs can
• Refresh the memories of investigators and
  witnesses
• Provide powerful evidence to a jury
• Details positions and locations of evidence
• The crime scene and all physical evidence should
  be photographed from all angles.
• Videotaping of the crime scene is acceptable, not
  a replacement for 35mm

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Record the scene Photography

• Cardinal Rules of Photography
• 1. Nothing moves until it is photographed!
• 2. Film is cheap -- you can't take too many crime
  scene photographs.
• Once the scene has been photographed, the
  investigator will need to sketch the crime

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Record the scene Sketches

• The Four Keys to Crime Scene Sketch
• 1. Dimension
• 2. Distance
• 3. Context
• 4. Relationship Among Items of Evidence

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Purposes of Sketch
Record the exact location and relationship of
pieces of evidence to surroundings. Refresh the
memory of the investigator. Provide permanent
record of conditions not easily recorded.
Assist prosecutor, judge, and jury to understand
conditions at the crime scene. Help in
questioning suspects and witness. Plan raids
and roadblocks. Help correlate testimony of
witnesses. Eliminate unnecessary and confusing
details.
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Record the scene Rough Sketches
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Record the scene Final Sketches
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Systematic searches

• Need to be done so that no accusations of a cover
  up arise or overlook of evidence
• Need one person in control to coordinate
  collection of evidence
• Four main types
• Spiral
• Strip or Line
• Grid
• quadrant

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Four main types

• Spiral
• Strip or Line
• Grid
• quadrant

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Four main types

• Spiral
• Strip or Line
• Grid
• quadrant

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Mobile crime scene laboratories

• Protect the scene, photograph, evidence
  collection and packaging, latent fingerprinting.
• Microscopic or Undetectable at the scene
• Ex. Hair, blood, fibers from clothes, Fabric
  impressions, traces of paint
• DO NOT carry out the functions of a chemical lab
• Crime scene search vehicles

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Vacuum Sweeping

• Critical areas of a crime scenes should be
  vacuumed and swept.
• Looking for traces evidence.

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Collect and Package Physical Evidence

• Crime scene safety ALWAYS a concern!
• Hepatitis, HIV, AIDS, Bio-hazardous pathogens
• Use forceps, doubled gloves, tyvek or kleengard
  type suits
• NOTHING IS MORE IMPORTANT THEN
• The chain of custody
• A record denoting the location
• of the evidence
  
  
  
  

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Maintain Chain of Custody

• A list of all persons who came into possession of
  an item of evidence.
• List provides
• Date
• Location of evidence
• Id
• Collectors initials
• Persons who handled or examined

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Collect and Package Physical Evidence

• Must be handled and processed in a way that
  prevents ANY change, between the time it is
  removed and the time it is received by the crime
  scene lab.
• Contamination, breakage, evaporation, scratching,
  bending, LOSS
• Evidence should be collected intact

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Collect and Package Physical Evidence

• Must be organized
• Packaged separately in
• Plastic pill bottles
• Manila envelopes
• Screw top glass vials
• Cardboard
• Mailing envelopes not recommended

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Please have ready your crime scene reports
Do Now 9/30
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Obtain Standards/Reference Samples

• Standards/reference Physical evidence whose
  origin is known, blood, hair, DNA
• Buccal Swab swab of inner portion of cheek, for
  cheek cells DNA profile or blood
• Substrate Control uncontaminated surface
  material close to an area where physical evidence
  has been deposited.

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Obtain Standards/Reference Samples

• DNA profile

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Crime Scene Admissibility

• Michigan v. Clifford
• Michigan v. Tyler
• Mincey v. Arizona

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Crime Scene Admissibility

• Michigan v. Clifford -
• Investigators searched an arson fire scene five
  hours after the fire was put out, without
• consent or warrant. Incriminating evidence was
  recovered and used in the conviction.
• The US Supreme Court reversed the decision citing
  the need for a warrant five hours
• after the fire was put out.

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Crime Scene Admissibility

• Michigan v. Tyler -
• Arson investigators conducted three separate
  searches of a fire scene. The first was one
• and one-half hours after the fire, but dense
  smoke caused the search to wait until four
• hours later (the second search). The third search
  was weeks later. Evidence from the first
• two searches was held admissible, but evidence
  from the third search was excluded.

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Crime Scene Admissibility
Mincey v. Arizona investigating the shooting
death of an undercover police officer in the
residence of the suspect. The police
established a crime scene, conducted a thorough
search of the scene and found evidence of other
crimes. The police charged the suspect with
those crimes as well and the court rejected it.
The court recognized the need of the police
to control the situation upon their arrival, and
the need to establish a crime scene. But as soon
as there was no more danger of evidence loss,
removal or destruction, there was ample time to
obtain a search warrant, particularly when
evidence of other crimes was inadvertently
discovered.
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What is a Crime Scene?
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What is a Crime Scene?
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What is a Crime Scene?
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What is a Crime Scene?

• Lack of evidence IS evidence.
• No scratches on the arms, defense wounds, could
  be evidence of suicide.
• Must prove intent, to prove suicide.

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• WHAT HAPPENED HERE?

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Pictures page
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Major stages in crime scene processing, (Initial
and response)

• 1) Receive call and make initial response
• 2) Make careful approach to crime some
• 3) Establish control/jurisdiction

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Major stages in crime scene processing, (Initial
and response)

• 1) Receive call and make initial response
• 2) Make careful approach to crime some
• 3) Establish control/jurisdiction

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16 STEPS (Secure, Document and Search)

• 4) Secure and protect, 1st officer
• 5) Establish/confirm crime scene perimeter,
  assisted by multiple officers
• 6) Conduct preliminary survey
• 7) Write narrative description
• 8) Photograph crime scene
• 9) Sketch crime scene

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6) Conduct preliminary survey

• First responding investigator should note
• Who made the notification?
• What time did the 1st officer arrive
• How long did that take? arrival lag
• Weather conditions, visibility
• Persons on scene, at, left, or passed through
• Who facts ascertained by first officers
• Observations of key items of evidence
• Takes responsibility form officers from the scene

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16 STEPS (Secure, Document and Search)

• 10) Evaluate for latent impressions
• 11) Evaluate physical evidence
• 12) Conduct detailed examination
• 13) Collect, record, mark, and preserve evidence
• 14) Conduct final survey of scene
• 15) Review documentation and process

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16 STEPS IN CRIME SCENE PROCESS, (disposition)

• 16) Release and/or secure the scene

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