Grossology is the study of really gross things!

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Duh!!!
Grossology is the study of really gross things!
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What kinds of gross things do humans do?
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How do we break down the foods that we eat?
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Try to digest or break down a cracker as much
as you can without putting it in your body.
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Any luck?

• A saltine cracker is made up mostly starch
  molecules or carbohydrates.
• These carbohydrates can be broken down into
  smaller units called sugars that our bodies are
  able to absorb and use for energy.
• How can we tell this is happening?
• Iodine (normally dark yellow brown) makes a
  complex with starch called starch-iodide (dark
  blue black). It doesnt make that same complex
  with simple sugars, so it doesnt change color.

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How do we break down the foods that we eat?
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There are two ways

• Digestion
• Mechanical
• Chewing
• Peristalsis
• Chemical
• Enzymes are used to break chemical bonds

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Pepsin
What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes
(accelerates) a chemical reaction.
Not shown actual size.
Amylase
Where are these enzymes found?
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Try to identify the organs used in digestion and
place them in the approximate location you think
they are found in the human body.
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THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Mouth
Stomach
Liver
Large Intestine
Pancreas
Different foods begin to digest in different
places. We are going to find out where some
different foods start to digest today.
Small Intestine
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What is the pH of the digestive tract?
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14
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Base
Acid
Neutral
pH 1-3
pH 6-7
pH 6-7
Digestion starts in the mouth!
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Are enyzmes specific?

• Are enzymes specialized for different organs?
• Are enzymes specialized for what kind of reaction
  they perform (or food type they break down)?

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As the Stomach ChurnsActivity
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Think of a way to see whether the starch in our
crackers was digested into sugars.
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You have 5 minutes to look at your experiment
from yesterday and compile results.
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1. Did water mechanically digest the foods?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No
• C ) Sometimes

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2. Did water chemically digest the foods?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No
• C ) Sometimes

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3. Did hydrochloric acid (pH 1) digest foods?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No

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4. Did pepsin in water digest the foods?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No

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5. Did pepsin in acid (HCl) chemically digest the
foods?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No

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6. Did saliva chemically digest the foods?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No

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7. Are enzymes specific for their environments?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No
• C ) Sometimes

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8. Are enzymes specific for a particular type of
food?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No
• C ) Sometimes

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14
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Base
Acid
Neutral
pH 1-3
pH 6-8
pH 6-7
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Mouth pH 6-7 Stomach pH 1-3 Small Intestine pH 6-8
Amylase starch Pepsin proteins Trypsin Pancreas proteins
Lysozyme kills bacteria Chymotrypsin Pancreas proteins
Amylase Pancreas starch
Nucleases Pancreas DNA
Lactase milk sugar lactose
Lipase fats
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9. Do organs work together to digest food?

• A ) Yes
• B ) No
• C ) Sometimes
• D ) Only when they want to

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Thank you!
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Pepsin
Not shown actual size.
Amylase
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What is in saliva?

• 99.5 water
• Antibacterial agents
• Salts
• Gases
• Antacids
• Mucus
• Enzymes- molecules that break down food

Is it acidic?
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Am I drooling?
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Where is the dirtiest (most unsanitary) place in
your body?
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Who might need to use an antacid?

• Sometimes, when bodies are under more stress than
  normal, an bacterial infection in the stomach can
  breakdown the protective mucus lining of the
  stomach. Ouch!
• Heartburn or acid reflux is caused by an
  overproduction of stomach acid. Ouch!

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More Gross Facts
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What is feces made of?

• Undigested food
• Water
• Salts
• Skin cells
• Bacteria
• Bacterial wastes
• Pigment from bile

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Dont be embarrassed by your bodily functions
Its what we do!!!
Flarp if youre happy!