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Culture Change and Globalization

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Title: Culture Change and Globalization


1
Chapter 16
  • Culture Change and Globalization

2
What We Will Learn
  • How do cultures change?
  • What are some obstacles to cultural change?
  • In what ways do civilization and
    industrialization threaten the cultures of
    Indigenous populations?
  • Do economic development programs always benefit
    the people of developing countries?
  • What is globalization, and how does it affect the
    cultures of the world?

3
Cultural Change
  • No culture remains unchanged.
  • Cultures change in two ways
  • Internally - through the processes of invention
    and innovation
  • Externally through the process of diffusion.

4
Inventors and Innovators
  • Inventors and innovators tend to be marginal
    people living on the fringes of society.
  • Not bound by tradition or convention, these
    people see problems and their solutions with a
    fresh perspective.
  • Many come from from upper-class, wealthy, and
    well-educated segments of society.

5
Diffusion
  • The spreading of a thing, an idea, or a behavior
    pattern from one culture to another.
  • If every culture had to rely solely on its own
    inventions, human progress over the centuries
    would indeed be slow.
  • Cultures have been able to develop rapidly
    because the process of diffusion has enabled
    humans to pool their creative/inventive resources.

6
Cultural Diffusion Selectivity
  • The adoption of an innovation by a culture and
    the speed with which it is adopted depends on the
    following
  • Is it seen as superior to what already exists?
  • Is it consistent with existing cultural patterns?
  • Is it easily understood?
  • Can it be tested on a trial basis?
  • Are the benefits clearly visible?

7
Cultural Diffusion Reciprocity
  • Diffusion is a two-way process.
  • While Europeans introduced their culture to
    native Americans, they received cultural features
    in return
  • Clothing - ponchos, parkas, and moccasins.
  • Medicines - quinine, pain relievers, and
    laxatives.
  • Food - corn, beans, tomatoes, squash, yams,
    avocados, and the so-called Irish potato.

8
Cultural Diffusion Modification
  • Once a cultural element is accepted in a new
    culture, it may change in form or function.
  • The Masai of Kenya and Tanzania pierce their
    earlobes and enlarge the hole by inserting
    increasingly larger round pieces of wood until a
    loop of skin is formed.
  • One group of Masai was observed using Eveready
    flashlight batteries obtained from the U.S.

9
Cultural Diffusion Likelihood
  • Some parts of culture are more likely to be
    diffused than others.
  • Material culture is more likely to be diffused
    than ideas or behavior patterns.
  • A traditional farmer in Senegal is more likely
    understand the advantages of a bulldozer over a
    shovel than of substituting Buddhism for his form
    of ancestor worship.

10
Cultural Diffusion Variables
  • Diffusion is affected by
  • Duration and intensity of contact.
  • Degree of cultural integration.
  • Similarities between the donor and recipient
    cultures.

11
Acculturation
  • Takes place as a result of sustained contact
    between two societies, one of which is
    subordinate to the other.
  • Involves the widespread reorganization of one or
    both cultures over a short period of time.
  • Both the dominant and subordinate culture
    experience changes, but the subordinate culture
    changes most dramatically.

12
Consequences of Acculturation
  • The subordinate culture could
  • Become extinct
  • Be incorporated as a distinct subculture of the
    dominant group
  • Be assimilated (blended) into the dominant group

13
Linked Changes
  • A single innovation may set off changes in other
    parts of a culture.
  • Television
  • Introduced during the 1950s.
  • Replaced the the radio as the major form of
    electronic communication in U.S. Households.
  • Had consequences for other parts of the culture,
    such as the family system, the political process,
    and religious institutions.

14
Cultural Boundaries
  • Strengthen a cultures traditions and discourage
    cultural borrowing
  • Language
  • Eating habits
  • Clothing
  • Folklore
  • Humor

15
Indigenous Populations
  • Refers to a group of people who are
  • Original inhabitants of a region.
  • Identify with a specific, small-scale cultural
    heritage.
  • Have no significant role in the government.
  • Examples the small-scale cultures in Asia,
    Africa, and the Americas that came under the
    influence of the colonial powers during the past
    several centuries.

16
Modernization Theory
Modern nations are associated with
  • Precise time
  • Religious pluralism
  • Low birth/death rates
  • Upward mobility based on merit
  • Rapid change
  • Planning for the future
  • Decline in the extended family
  • High levels of technology
  • Industrialization
  • Urbanization
  • Formal education
  • Efficient bureaucratic governments
  • Strong market economies

17
Modernization Theory
  • Undeveloped nations must engage in activities
    that them more like the developed nations.
  • Economic development would occur through the
    mechanism of foreign aid from the wealthy nations
    to the undeveloped nations.
  • Blames poverty on the poor by suggesting that
    some countries are poorly developed because of
    cultural characteristics which they pass on to
    their children.

18
World Systems Theory
  • According to this theory, the rich and poor
    nations of the world are not fundamentally
    different because of cultural features but
    because of how they have operated within the
    world system.
  • Economic development is not the result of an
    enlightened or progressive population but instead
    occurs when one group purposefully increases its
    own wealth at the expense of others.

19
Factors in the the Rise of Globalization
  • Revolution in computer technology made
    communication faster and cheaper for a growing
    segment of the worlds population.
  • Methods of investing money has changed, today it
    is, to a large degree, in the hands of
    individuals.
  • There has been a fundamental change in the flow
    of information all over the world.

20
Quick Quiz
21
  • 1. Cultures change from ________ such as
    inventions and innovations.
  • internal strife
  • external mechanisms
  • external forces
  • internal mechanisms

22
Answer d
  • Cultures change from internal mechanisms such as
    inventions and innovations

23
  • 2. A/an ________ is any new thing, idea, or
    behavior pattern that emerges from within a
    society.
  • Creation
  • Innovation
  • Construct
  • invention

24
Answer d
  • An invention is any new thing, idea, or behavior
    pattern that emerges from within a society.

25
  • 3. ________ is the spread of a thing, an idea, or
    a cultural pattern from one culture to another.
  • Diffusion
  • Enculturation
  • Innovation
  • Acculturation

26
Answer a
  • Diffusion is the spread of a thing, an idea, or a
    cultural pattern from one culture to another.

27
  • 4. _______ is a special type of diffusion that
    takes place as a result of sustained contact
    between two societies, one of which is
    subordinate to the other.
  • Modification
  • Acculturation
  • Reciprocity
  • Enculturation

28
Answer b
  • Acculturation is a special type of diffusion that
    takes place as a result of sustained contact
    between two societies, one of which is
    subordinate to the other.

29
  • 5. According to the ________ theory, the wealthy
    countries of the world achieved high levels of
    development by exploiting other regions,
    plundering their resources, using their people as
    cheap sources of labor, and dominating their
    markets.
  • colonialism
  • voluntaristic
  • world systems
  • modernization

30
Answer c
  • According to the world systems theory, the
    wealthy countries of the world achieved high
    levels of development by exploiting other
    regions, plundering their resources, using their
    people as cheap sources of labor, and dominating
    their markets.
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