UNIT 1 MATERIALS

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UNIT 1MATERIALS

• Vocabulary
• Names of materials
• Characteristics of materials
• Adjectives and dimensions
• Word formation SUFFIXES to form ADJECTIVES
• Grammar and functions
• Giving definitions describing
• Articles
• Expressing measurements

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NAMES OF MATERIALS

1. Aluminium b Light to carry and silvery to
   look at.
2. Brass p Mixture of copper and zinc.
3. Bronze o Mixture of copper and tin .
4. Carbon dioxide f Gas produced in the
   combustion of fossil fuels
5. Chromium l Hard, shiny metal used to coat
   other metals to prevent rust.
6. Concrete k Building material made by mixing
   cement and gravel.
7. Copper n Soft, reddish-brown metal, used in
   wires
8. Gold g Valuable yellow metal which is a very
   good conductor.
9. Hydrogen j The lightest gas and the simplest
   element in nature
10. Iron e With symbol Fe, it is the main
    component of steel.
11. Lead r Soft, grey, heavy metal used in
    pipes, whose symbol is Pb
12. Mercury d Heavy, silvery metal, usually a
    liquid at room temperature.
13. Nitrogen m 80 of the air.
14. Oxygen q Colourless and tasteless gas
    supporting life
15. Tin i A can is made of it and its symbol is
    Sn
16. Uranium c Heavy, white metal whose atoms can
    be fissioned
17. Zinc a Hard, bluish-white metal used in
    alloys and in roofing.
18. Steel h Iron plus carbon.

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VIDEOSECTION 1 elements found in all stars.

• Profile of the abundance of elements found in
  stars
• -immense amounts of HYDROGEN and HELIUM.
• -LOWER amounts (2) of the heavier elements
• Peaks CARBON
• OXYGEN
• MAGNESIUM
• SILICON
• SULPHUR
• IRON

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VIDEO

• Process nuclear fusion
• 2 HYDROGEN atoms HELIUM ENERGY-gt SUNLIGHT
• HELIUM HELIUM CARBON
• HELIUM CARBON OXYGEN
• OXYGEN HELIUM MAGNESIUM
• Right up to IRON
• For each of these fusion reactions to occur,
  INCREASING TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE are needed

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DESCRIPTIONS

• Silver is a very ductile malleable shiny
  greyish-white element having the highest
  electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal.
  (0) Silver has long been valued as a precious
  metal, and it is used as an investment, to make
  (0) jewelry, and (0) currency coins. Today, (0)
  silver is also used in (0) electrical contacts
  and (0) conductors, and for making (0) mirrors,
  (0) photographic chemicals, etc.
• Glass is an amorphous inorganic solid it is a
  hard, brittle, noncrystalline, more or less
  transparent substance produced by (0) fusion,
  usually consisting of a mixture of (0) dissolved
  silicates, as in the ordinary variety used for
  (0) window panes and (0) bottles.
• Graphite a blackish soft allotropic form of (0)
  carbon, with (0) metallic luster and (0) greasy
  feel. It consists of (0) layers of (0) carbon
  atoms. Unlike (0) diamond, (0) graphite is an
  electrical conductor . It is used in (0) pencils,
  (0) coatings and (0) electrodes, as a lubricant,
  as a moderator in (0) nuclear reactors, and, in a
  carbon fibre form, as a tough light material for
  (0) sporting equipment

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LISTENING1 what is a metal?

• We are so familiar with metals that it might be
  quite a surprise to be asked the question What
  is a metal?.
• Take magnesium for example. It burns easily. Why
  then do we regard magnesium as a metal similar to
  say iron which will not burn?
• The most important properties that distinguish
  metals from non-metals are
• they reflect light and thus are shiny
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity
• They combine with fluorine and chlorine
• Most react with acids and with oxygen
• Apart from these similarities, metals show a
  great deal of variation.
• Gold, lead and sodium are very soft materials,
  much softer for example than silicon and
  graphite, both non-metals.
• Many metals corrode easily.
• Gold, chromium and platinum, however, do not.
• Some metals are very active sodium, calcium and
  potassium combine easily with oxygen, chlorine
  and fluorine.
• Gold, silver and mercury, on the other hand, do
  not form compounds so easily.
• Metals far outnumber non-metals only 20 of the
  103 elements known today are non-metallic

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ARTICLES

• .... Ø...corrosion is ...a...very serious problem
  in Ø. metallic structures.
• .. Ø..iron is used in ... Ø. engineering due to
  ...its..... strength.
• ....the.. physical properties of .... Ø. matter
  will be studied in Ø chapter 3.
• Ø fission is one of ....the.. two types of Ø
  nuclear reactions which release Ø large amounts
  of Ø energy. The fission of Ø Uranium atoms is
  used in Ø nuclear power plants to generate Ø
  electricity.
• The major component of Ø steel is Ø iron, a
  metal that in its pure state is not much harder
  than Ø copper.
• Ø silicon is used as a semiconductor in the
  manufacture of Ø chips.
• Ø plastics may be classified into two major
  groups according to their chemical composition.
• Ø mathematics is basic for an engineer.
• An alloy is a metallic substance composed of two
  or more elements as either a compound or a
  solution.
• In Ø Kevlar, an artificial fiber, the molecules
  lie straight, giving it Ø/its strength and Ø/its
  stiffness

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ARTICLES MERCURY

• Ø mercury is a/the chemical element whose symbol
  is Hg.
• It is a silvery-white, heavy, liquid metal.
• Compared with other metals, it is a poor
  conductor of Ø heat and a fair conductor of Ø
  electricity.
• Ø mercury is the only common metal that is a
  liquid at Ø ordinary temperatures.
• It easily forms Ø alloys with many other metals.
• When it combines with certain metals (such as Ø
  silver, Ø zinc or Ø tin), the resulting alloy is
  called an amalgam.
• Both the element and Ø most of its compounds are
  poisonous.
• Ø mercury and its compounds are used in Ø
  electrolytic cells, Ø dentistry, Ø thermometers,
  Ø batteries, and in Ø medicine.

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DESCRIBING

• Definition X is GENERAL CLASS
• Composition
• It is made (up) of Materials
• It consists of Substances
• It has Components
• It is composed of Parts
• It is formed by Pieces
• Characteristics WHAT IS IT LIKE?
• To be ADJ Shape (circular, elliptical)
• To look ADJ Properties (flexible, tough)
• To seem ADJ Colour (blue, greenish)
• To become ADJ Texture (hard, smooth)
• Temperature (warm, cold)
• Dimensions (long, thin, small)
• To have NOUN
• Applications
• X is used for (GER) / to (INF)
• X is used in/as (NOUN)
• X serves to (INF)

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VOCABULARY Adjectives

• TEMPERATURE Boiling, Molten, Cool, warm,
  Burning, Icy
• TEXTURE rough, hard, smooth, soft, sticky
• SHAPE rectangular, straight, cylindrical,
  square, rounded, sharp, curved
• COMPOSITION metallic, plastic, ferrous,
  synthetic, organic, golden
• SIZE huge, tiny, minute, large, broad, short
• COLOUR light, bright, dark, opaque, reddish,
  golden

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WORD FORMATION Adjectives

• ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS
• LATIN ORIGIN OR ROOT ENGLISH ORIGIN
• -IC atomic -FUL beautiful
• -AL/AR usual/linear -LESS harmless
• -OUS poisonous/ lustrous -(L)Y sunny
• -IVE destructive -ISH yellowish
• -ENT/-ANT different/important
• ADJECTIVES FROM VERBS
• -ING boring
• -ED concentrated
• IBLE/ -ABLE responsible/drinkable

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WORD FORMATION

• STAINLESS STEELS
• StainLESS steels contain chromium, nickel
• and other alloyING elements
• that keep them rust resistANT
• in spite of the action of moisture or corrosIVE
  acids and gases.
• Some steels have unusUAL strength.
• Because of their shinY surfaces
• architects wideLY use them
• for decoratIVE purposes.

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VIDEO METEORITES

• The Ballwell meteorite fell in 1965.
• BROWN METALLIC skin due to ATMOSPHERIC HEATING
• it consists of SILICATES.......
  (..GREEN....olivine)
• some..METAL (BROWN DISCOLORATION DUE TO
  OXIDATION OF IRON)
• chondrules
• Section of a chondritic meteorite
• chondrules
• SILICATES.....(OLIVINE........)
• DARK............patches( IRON METAL.........)
• Iron meteorites
• Blades OF IRON-NICKEL ALLOY (IRON WITH A LITTLE
  NICKEL)
• INCLUSIONS OF IRON SULFIDE......
• Meteorites contain three principal phases
• 1- OLIVINE (MAGNESIUM SILICATES)
• 2- IRON OFTEN WITH A LITTLE NICKEL
• 3- IRON SULFIDE...........
• Chondritic meteorites appear to have changed
  chemically the least since their condensation
  from the primitive solar nebula. They contain
  HYDROGEN and HELIUM but otherwise their element
  abundance should be similar to the abundance in
  the solar spectrum.

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LISTENING Temperatures

• The most commonly used metal in industry is IRON.
  Its symbol is Fe, its atomic weight 55.19 and its
  specific weight is 7.86 GR/CM3. Its melting point
  is 1,528ºC this is a metal which is magnetized
  quite strongly but above 768ºC it cannot be
  magnetized.
• Another metal of a great importance in
  engineering is ALUMINIUM, with an atomic weight
  of 26.97, a specific weight of 2.7 GR/CM3 and its
  melting point is 658ºC
• Among metals, LEAD is the metal which possesses
  the highest density, with an atomic weight of
  207.22 and a specific weight of 11.34 GR/CM3
  contrarily to other metals, however, its melting
  point is relatively low as it melts at 327ºC.

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LISTENING Temperatures

• However not all metals have the same
  characteristics as an example we have MERCURY
  which is A LIQUID at room temperature thus, the
  temperature at which this metal changes from
  liquid to solid is 38.9ºC and its boiling point
  is 357.2ºC.
• Non-metals, on the other hand, vary greatly with
  regard to their characteristics. For example,
  CHLORINE has a specific weight of 0.0032 GR/CM3
  and its boiling point is 33.7ºC. However,
  SILICON, whose specific weight is 2.33, melts at
  1,310ºC and boils at 2,355ºC.

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MEASUREMENTS

• X is 3 m ADJ
• (eg The bar is 3m LONG)
• X is 3m IN NOUN
• (egthe bar is 3m IN LENGTH)
• X has a NOUN OF 3m
• (eg the bar has A LENGTH OF 3m)
• The NOUN OF X is 3m
• (eg THE LENGTH OF the bar is 3m)
• What is it like?
• HOW ADJ /WHAT NOUN Is this object?
• (eg HOW LONG / WHAT SHAPE is the component? It
  is 3m long / rectangular

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EXERCISE Measurements

1. The film coating the piece must be very THIN. It
   should be 0.05 mm THICK
2. The light travels along THE LENGTH of the optical
   fibre
3. How HIGH is the new tower? It is 10ft HIGH
4. To make chips, a single crystal in the shape of a
   long bar of about 10 cm IN diameter is cut into
   circular slices 1/2 mm THICK
5. The beams needed for the structure must be 3 m
   LONG and 25 cm THICK/WIDE
6. To take the recordings, the thermometer was
   placed at a HEIGHT of 1.5 m above ground level.
7. The piece of the machine is too long to fit in
   the slot, so we must make it SHORTER
8. 3-D objects have three main dimensions HEIGHT,
   WIDTH and LENGTH
9. The reaction produces a layer on top of the
   solution, with THICKNESSES ranging from 0.2 to
   0.6 mm
10. WHAT IS THE PIECE LIKE? /WHAT SHAPE is it?. Well,
    it is cylindrical

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LISTENING Dimensions

• CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALLOY
• Stands very high and very low temperatures
• melting point 3,527ºC, below -58ºC
• DIMENSIONS
• 2.35m high,
• width 37 cm
• 1.55m length of its base 1.05cm top
• it weights 782 kg
• PERFORMANCE
• 1700 hours
• 350 rpu (revolutions per unit)