Services

1
Chapter 12

• Services

2
What are services?

• Service
• Any activity that fulfills a human want or need
  and returns money to those who provide it
• Space
• Where services are located in space, creates a
  link between services and settlements
• Rural villages to megalopolis
• Why services are clustered???
• Proximity to market
• Optimal location for services is near customers
• Locating a service
• Uses more precise geographic skills than Industry
• Tend to be specific places
• location, location, location
• Distribution must be where people live
• Also driven by socio-economic factors

3
Where did Services Originate?

• Services provided in all societies
• In MDCs majority of workers engaged in the
  provision of services
• North America 3/4th of workers in services
• in LDCs less than 1/4th
• Services provide more than 2/3rd of the GDP in
  MDCs
• Less than ½ in LDCs

• Three types of services
• Consumer services
• Business services
• Public services

4
Types of Services

• Consumer Services
• Definition
• purpose to provide services to individual
  consumers who desire them and can afford to pay
  them
• Nearly 44 of jobs in US are in consumer services

• Types
• Retail and Wholesale Services
• 15 of jobs in US
• Department stores, grocers, clothing
• Education Services
• 10 of jobs in US
• Health Services
• 12 of jobs
• Health care, primarily hospitals, nursing homes
• Leisure and Hospitality Services
• 10 of jobs
• Restaurants and bars, lodging and entertainment

5
Business Services

• Definition
• Purpose is to facilitate other businesses
• 24 of all jobs in US
• Types
• Financial services
• 6 of US jobs
• Called Fire for financial, insurance, real
  estate
• Financial banks

• Professional Services
• 12 of US jobs
• Technical services law, accounting,
  architecture, engineering, design, and consulting
• Support Services clerical, secretarial,
  custodial
• Transportation and Information Services
• Businesses that diffuse and distribute
• 6 of US jobs
• Transportation
• Mainly trucking
• Can also include
• Publishing/ broadcasting
• Utilities such as water and electricity

6
Public Services

• Definition
• Purpose is to provide security and protection for
  citizens and businesses
• 17 of jobs in US
• Mainly Federal government, state, or local
  government

7
Changes in number of employees

• Between 1972 and 2009
• All growth in service sector
• Decline in employment in primary and secondary
  jobs
• Business Services
• Expanded in professional services most rapidly
• Engineering, management, law
• Grew more slowly in finance and transportation
  services
• Mainly due to improved efficiency

• Consumer services
• Rapid increase in health care
• Including nursing homes and home-health care
• Other large increases in Education,
  Entertainment, recreation
• Public services
• Declined over past two decades

8
Services in Contemporary Rural Settlements

• Before establishment of Permanent settlements
  people lived as nomads
• At some point, people decided to build permanent
  settlements
• Were they established because of need to
  services?
• Based on archeological studies settlements built
  first for consumer and public services
• Later came business services

9
Early Consumer Services

• Earliest permanent settlements may have been
  established to offer consumer services
• Specifically burial of the dead
• By 5,000 years ago many settlements existed
• Settlements also may have been places to house
  families

• People also needed tools, clothing, shelter,
  containers, fuel, and other material goods
• Settlements became manufacturing centers
• The variety of consumer services expanded as
  people began to specialize

10
Early Public Services

• Public services probably followed religious
  activities into early permanent settlements
• Everyone in settlement vulnerable to attack so
  some members became soldiers

• Settlement likely was a good base from which the
  group could defend nearby food sources against
  competitors
• Might build wall around settlement for extra
  protection
• Settlements became citadels
• Centers for military power

11
Early Business Services

• Everyone in settlements needed food
• Initially brought in through hunting and
  gathering
• What about extra supply?
• Led to storage

• Settlements also became a place where people
  could trade goods and services
• Eventually led to record keeping, currency
  system, and setting fair prices

12
Services in Early Urban Settlements

• Services in Ancient Cities
• Earliest Urban settlements
• First documented ones in Mesopotamia
• Ur, Uruk
• Evidence suggests that cities were well-planned

13
Services in Early Urban Settlements

• Ancient Rome
• Rise of Roman Empire encouraged urban settlement
• Settlements established as centers of
  administrative, military, and other public
  services
• As well as retail and consumer services
• Trade encourages through transportation
• With fall of Rome, urban settlements declined
• Trade diminished

• Ancient Athens
• First Mediterranean settlements established 2500
  B.C.E.
• Oldest include Knossos, Troy, and Mycenae
• Trading centers for thousands of islands
• Organized into city-states
• Athens
• Largest city-state
• Provide consumer services and cultural activities

14
Services in Early Urban Settlements

• Urban life revived in 11th century Europe
• Feudal lords established new urban settlements
• Feudalism
• Rise of small towns to facilitate trade by 14th
  century

• Large Medieval urban settlements served as power
  centers for lords and church leaders
• Most important services in town square
• Church, palaces

15
(No Transcript)
16
Key issue 2-Where are contemporary services
located?

• Services are clustered in settlements
• Rural Settlements
• Centers of agriculture
• Provide small amount of services
• Urban Settlements
• Centers for consumer and business services

17
Services in Rural Settlements

• A clustered rural settlement is a place where a
  number of families live in close proximity to
  each other

• A dispersed rural settlement is characterized by
  farmers living on individual farms isolated from
  neighbors
• Typical in North America

18
Clustered Rural Settlements

• Typically includes homes, barns, tool sheds, and
  other farm structures
• Includes consumer services such as religious
  structures, schools, and shops
• May have a handful of business services
• Often these settlements are called a hamlet or
  village

19
Circular Rural Settlements

• Circular Rural Settlements
• Circular form consists of a central open space
  surrounded by structures
• Example kraal villages
• Enclosures for livestock in center, surrounded by
  ring of houses
• Example German Gewanforf settlements
• Consists of core of houses, barns, and churches,
  encircled by different types of agricultural
  activities
• Von Thunen observed this in his agricultural
  studies

20
Linear Rural Settlements

• Comprise of buildings clustered along a road,
  river or dike to facilitate communications
• Fields extend behind the buildings in long,
  narrow strips
• Can be seen today along St. Lawrence River in
  Quebec
• French long-lot system
• Houses erected along river
• Narrow lots established perpendicular to river so
  that each settler had access to river

21
(No Transcript)
22
Colonial American Clustered Settlements

• New England built clustered settlements centered
  on an open area called a common
• Settlers grouped their homes and public buildings
  around common
• In addition to houses, each settler had a home of
  1 to 5 acres
• Contained barn, garden, and enclosures for
  feeding livestock

• Favored for several reasons
• Settlers typically traveled in groups
• Colonists wanted to live close together
• To protect from Indian attacks
• Outsiders could only obtain land by permission of
  the towns residents
• Contemporary New England landscape contains
  remnants of the old clustered rural settlement
  patterns

23
Dispersed Rural Settlements

• United States
• Middle colonies settled by more heterogeneous
  groups than New England
• Led to land being bought individually
• Dispersed pattern spread to Mid-West and later
  New England
• Worked better with larger populations
• People less interested in religious and cultural
  values
• Great Britain
• Converted to improve agricultural production
• Led to enclosure movement
• Consolidated individual land into one large farm
• Brought efficiency but destroyed village life
• Coincided with Industrial Revolution

• Outside of New England, dispersed rural
  settlements were more common in the American
  colonies
• In New England and Great Britain, clustered rural
  settlements were converted to a dispersed pattern
• Many disadvantages to clustered pattern
• Farmers lost time moving between fields
• Villagers had to build more roads to connect
  smaller lots
• Farmers were restricted in what they could plant

24
Services in Urban Settlements

• Population of urban settlements exceeded that of
  rural settlements for the 1st time in human
  history in 2008
• 1800- 3
• 1850- 6
• 1900- 14
• 1950- 30
• 2000- 47

25
Services in Urban Settlements

• Differences between urban and rural settlements
• Differences identified by Louis Wirth in 1900s
• Defined cities by three characteristics
• Wirth argued these characteristics produced
  differences in the social behavior of urban and
  rural residents

• Large size
• Rural small
• Urban- medium/ large
• High density
• Rural- low pop density
• Urban- high pop density
• Only way people can be supported is through
  specialization
• Social heterogeneity
• The larger the settlement the greater diversity
  of the people

26
Increasing of people in cities

• MDCs have a higher of urban residents BUT LDCs
  have very large urban settlements
• Eight of the ten most populous cities are in LDCs
• Buenos Aires, Dehli, Dhaka, Calcutta, Mexico
  City, Mumbai, Sao Paolo and Shanghai
• Fueled by people migrating from countryside for
  economic opportunities
• Also connected to high natural increase rates

• Process by which the population of urban
  settlements grows is called urbanization
• Two dimensions
• Increase in number of people living in cities
• Increase in the of people living in the cities
• Distinction important because they occur for
  different reasons and have different global
  distributions
• Large of people living in cities reflects a
  countrys level of development