Cities and Civilizations

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Cities and Civilizations

• AP World History A

Warm Up Look at the map below. 1. Describe, on
the back of your video notes handout, where the
earliest farming villages began. 2. Why is this
part of the world the logical place for farming
to have begun?
Check the write board for your seating
assignment.
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Cities and Civilizations
Warm Up Take 5 minutes to complete your River
Valleys map and turn it in!Look at the map
below. Does your map look like this one?
Check the write board for your seating
assignment.

• AP World History A

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Farmer Power Guns, Germs and Steel

• Answer the following questions on a PowerPoint
  slide. Email your slide to Mrs. Bradley at
  bbradley_at_irvingisd.net (Title your slide
  document lastname5farmer)
• BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY!!
• What does Diamond say is the one main determining
  factor in which countries become rich and
  powerful?
• How did the invention of agriculture lead to the
  rise of cities and civilizations?

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Cities and Civilizations
Warm Up 1.Take 10 minutes to complete
SOAPPSTONES and VENN Diagram and turn them into
the wire basket! Staple all three together and
make sure your name and period number are on all
three pages.2. Next, write a definition for
Civilization in YOUR OWN WORDS! (5 minutes)
Check the write board for your seating
assignment.

• AP World History A

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Cities and Civilizations Seminar
We begin at about 8,000 BC when village life
began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the
Neolithic Revolution. NEW STONE
AGE
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What is the REVOLUTION? A TOTALLY new way of
living

• From

Hunter-Gatherers
to Agriculture
Click on words and pictures for web links.
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The invention of Agriculture changed the way
people lived.

• Agriculture (Farming)
• Growth of Cities
• Division of Labor (Specialization)
• Trade
• Writing and Mathematics

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GEOGRAPHY influenced the development of river
valley civilizations.
Click on the map for an interactive website map
of the four earliest river valley civilizations.
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CIVILIZATION

• Civilization as Advanced Culture
• Population dependent on cities
• From Latin civitas
• Permanent institutions
• Politics, Religion ability to make war
• Social, labor, gender divisions, inequality
• Clearly defined sense of other barbarian, nomad
• Artisan, intellectual classes favoring technology
• Form of record keeping, specifically writing
• Do not confuse with good or superior

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ANCIENT HUMOR
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Early River Valley Civilizations
Environment

• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
• No natural barriers
• Limited natural resources for making tools or
  buildings

Sumer

• Flooding of the Nile predictable
• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypts
  villages
• Deserts were natural barriers

Egypt
Indus Valley

• Indus flooding unpredictable
• Monsoon winds
• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers

• Huang He flooding unpredictable
• Mountains, deserts natural barriers
• Geographically isolated from other ancient
  civilizations

China
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Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent

• Sumer The Earliest of the River Valley
  Civilizations
• Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris
  and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait.

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Look at the map below.Define Fertile
Crescent.Use a complete sentence.
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Define Fertile Crescent

• A well-watered and fertile area,
• the fertile crescent arcs across the northern
  part of the Syrian desert. It is flanked on the
  west by the Mediterranean and on the east by the
  Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and includes all or
  parts of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon,
  Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region was
  the site of sophisticated settlements.

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• Greeks called the northern part of the Fertile
  Crescent
• Mesopotamia Between Two Rivers
• (Tigris River and Euphrates River)
• The southern part of Mesopotamia was called
  Babylonia, originally Sumer.
• Which country is Mesopotamia today?

(Iraq)
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Sumer The Ancient Middle EastVideo Notes

• Where is Mesopotamia located?
• Why did the Sumerians settle in Mesopotamia?
• What is a city-state?
• What is a ziggurat?
• Name at least one invention of the Sumerians.

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Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait)ca. 3500 to 3000
BC.(ca. circa)

• Sumer gave us the city-state.

Define city-state
Political unit made up of a city and the
surrounding lands. Each city state has its own
government, even when it shares a culture with
neighboring city states.
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ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE

• Emergence of cities
• Tended to emerge in hostile environments
• Harsh environments required stronger organization
• Cities were larger and more complex
• Cities influenced life of large regions
• Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia
• Other hearths of urban civilization
• Indus River Valley
• Nile River Valley
• River Valley of the Huang He
• Coastal Jungles of Mexico

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TIGRIS-EUPHRATES

• Necessity is the mother of invention
• Sumer in Southern Iraq was first civilization
• Cuneiform, sciences, math aided farming
• Polytheistic religion
• Religion was to appease gods, control nature
• Art, architecture dedicated to gods, religion
• Priests, later kings rule city-states
• Land owning aristocracy dominate
• Warlike society with slavery
• Trade for needed materials

Paul Philps, 2007
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Sumerian Writing cuneiform
Click on the picture for more information about
cuneiform.
Click here to write like a Babylonian.
Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus
into a clay tablet.
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Sumerians invented

• Brick technology
• Wheel
• Base 60 using the circle . . . 360 degrees
• Time 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a
  minute
• 12 month lunar calendar
• arch
• ramp
• ziggurat

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Ziggurat Holy Mountain

• Click on the pictures for more information on
  ziggurats.

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Babylon

• Gave us the first know written law code and was
  the first civilization where the citizens live
  by the Rule of Law

Define rule of law
Government by law. The rule of law implies that
government authority may only be exercised in
accordance with written laws, which were adopted
through an established procedure.
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Hammurabis Code - 1792 BC
Hammurabis Code was this law code.
Hammurabi ruled the Babylonian Empire for 42
years. At the end of his long reign, Hammurabis
legal decisions were collected and inscribed on a
stone tablet in a Babylonian temple. The 282 laws
of the Code of Hammurabi represent one of the
earliest known legal systems.
For more information about Hammurabis Code,
click here and on the picture.
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If a man stole the property of church or state,
that man shall be put to deathalso the one who
received the stolen goods from his hand shall be
put todeath.

• The laws governed such things as lying,
  stealing, assault, debt, business partnerships,
  marriage, and divorce. In seeking protection for
  all members of Babylonian society, Hammurabi
  relied on the philosophy of equal retaliation,
  otherwise known as an eye for an eye.

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EGYPTThe Gift of the Nile(Herodotus)
Warm Up Look at the map and answer the
following question in your notes What did
Herodotus mean when he said that Egypt is the
gift of the Nile?
Nile River
Lower Nile
Eastern Desert
Sahara Desert
Upper Nile
Because of the geography of the area, without the
Nile River, there would be no Egypt.
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THE NILE RIVER

• Society very different from Sumer
• Nile flooded regularly, predictably
• Provided rich soil, Easy soil to farm
• Civilization regulated flooding, surveying
• Location isolated
• Pharaoh was considered god-king
• Theocracy, almost absolute
• Built pyramid tombs for dead
• Egypt unified for most of history
• Achievements
• Mathematics especially geometry architecture
• Sciences, Medicine
• Art was both secular and sacred
• Religion was positive, egalitarian in many ways

Paul Philps, 2007
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Egyptians invented

• Hieroglyphics
• Pyramids
• Geometry
• Advances in medicine and surgery

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Hieroglyphics

• Early Egyptian writing found on tombs was
  indecipherable.
• Hieroglyphics

Sacred Carving
No one could read these sacred carvings until
Napoleon invaded Egypt and his archaeologists
found the Rosetta Stone.

• Click on the picture to see your name in
  hieroglyphics.

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Video Write a short summary of the finding,
translation, and importance of the Rosetta Stone.
For more information on the Rosetta Stone, log on
to one of the following web sites. http//www.anci
entegypt.co.uk/writing/rosetta.html OR http//www.
mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/hieroglyphics/ro
settastone.html
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• Papyrus is one of the first examples of paper.
  It is created from reeds growing along the Nile
  River.

Papyrus
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RELIGIONS OF THE NILE

• Polytheism
• Extremely complex pantheon of gods
• Deification of nature
• Extremely powerful, influential priesthood with
  great wealth
• Conflict of good, evil
• Humans judged for their actions
• Cult of Osiris
• Strong belief in afterlife, accountability for
  actions
• Mummification was but one aspect of this
• Regenerative cycle of Osiris/Ra-Re/Horus
• Ahkenaton and Monotheism
• Amenhotep believed there was only one God
• Ended polytheism, opposed by priests was
  assassinated
• Nubian Beliefs
• Adopted many Egyptian beliefs
• Major focus on the sun and moon

Paul Philps, 2007
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The Hebrews Empire Builders of Another Kind -
Religion

• These words, the first of the Ten Commandments
  set the Hebrews apart from all other people of
  the Fertile Crescent. Instead of worshipping many
  gods (polytheism) they prayed to one God
  (monotheism). The basis for their Code of Laws is
  known as the Ten Commandments. This is the root
  of Judaism.

• I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of
  the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
  You shall have no other gods before Me.

Click here to explore an Iron Age Israelite
house. Click on Exhibit.
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Contributions of the Hebrews Ethical Monotheism

• Monotheism belief in one God
• Covenant belief that they had made a binding
  agreement with God
• Ethical Law Code A law code sent by God himself
  based on personal morality the Ten Commandments

Click here for links to a history of the Hebrews.
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Contributions of the Hebrews Ethical Monotheism

• Video Answer the following questions in your
  notes. Title these questions Hebrews Video
• Why did the Hebrews settle in Canaan?
• What is the major contribution the Hebrews made
  to civilization?

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Indus River Valley 2500 BC 1500 BC

• Around 2600 B.C. the various regional cultures
  were united in what is called the Indus Valley
  Civilization. It is also commonly referred to as
  the Harappan culture after the town of Harappa
  (where it was first discovered.)

• Click on the map for more information about
  ancient Indus River valley civilizations

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INDUS VALLEY

• Arose around 2,500 BCE
• Mohenjo Daro, Harappa main cities
• Independent city-states, strong government
• Extremely well-planned, coordinated cities
• Elaborate writing system (undeciphered)
• Religion worshipped mother goddess
• Little evidence of warfare until end
• Devastated by environmental upheavals
• Destroyed by Indo-European (Aryan) nomads

Paul Philps, 2007
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HARAPPAN SOCIETY

• The Indus River
• Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush,
  Himalayas
• Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile
  
• Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley
• Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E.
• Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E.
• Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
• Possibly served as twin capitals
• Each city had a fortified citadel and a large
  granary
• Broad streets, market places, temples, public
  buildings
• Standardized weights, measures, architecture,
  bricks
• Specialized labor and trade
• Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals
  
• Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750
  B.C.E.

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• Excavations at the ancient Harappan and Mohenjo
  Daro mounds revealed well planned cities and
  towns built on massive mud brick platforms that
  protected the inhabitants against seasonal
  floods.
• In the larger cities the houses were built of
  baked brick while at smaller towns most houses
  were built of sun-dried mud brick.
• Each city is laid out in a grid pattern and shows
  signs of stunningly modern plumbing systems.

Much writing has been found at these sites, but
it has not yet been translated.
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HUANG-HE (YELLOW) RIVER

• Developed in isolation
• Compare with ancient Egypt
• Xia Dynasty (Mythical?)
• God-like kings
• Taught irrigation, sericulture
• Shang Dynasty
• Warlike kings, landed aristocracy few priests
• Most people worked land as peasants
• Elaborate bronze workings naturalistic art

Paul Philps, 2007
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CHINESE WRITING

• Ideographic
• Writing denotes ideas
• First used on Oracle Bones
• Priests asked gods questions
• Wrote questions on bones
• Tossed into fire cracks read by priests
  (divination)
• Elitist technique scholar-bureaucrats
• Extremely difficult to read
• Required well-educated class to use
• Only elite had time to learn
• Cuneiform, hieroglyphs had similar effects

Paul Philps, 2007
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Shang China1600 BC 1122 BC

• Lack of contact with foreigners helped give
  the Chinese a strong sense of identity and
  superiority. They regarded their land as the
  only civilized land and called it Zhongguo or the
  Middle Kingdom. This Chinese isolation
  contributed to the Chinese belief that China was
  at the center of the earth and the sole source of
  civilization.

Turn to the map on page 92. Note the geographic
features which isolated China.
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DYNASTIC CYCLE

• One ruling family replaces another
• The Dynasty Changes
• Due to the loss of the Mandate of Heaven
• Stages in Cycle
• New dynasty arises, takes control of China
• Strengthens rule, reestablishes prosperity, peace
• Weakens, becomes lazy, problems arise
• Invasions, revolts toss out reigning dynasty
• Shang replaces Xia, Zhou replaces Shang

Paul Philps, 2007
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MANDATE OF HEAVEN

• Chinese political idea
• Rulers exercise power given by heaven
• Rulers continue to rule if heaven pleased
• Heaven will take back mandate to rule
• Heaven will replace ruling dynasty
• Indicators of a Lost Mandate
• Wars, invasions, military disasters
• Over-taxation, disgruntled peasants
• Social, moral decline of elite classes
• Increased crime, banditry

The European counterpart of the Chinese Mandate
of Heaven was the Divine Right of Kings.
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HOWTHECYCLE AND MANDATEWORKTOGETHER
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The first true emperor of China, was Shi Huangdi.

• Shi Huangdis most remarkable achievement was
  the Great Wall.

Click here for a panoramic tour of the Great
Wall. Read the information under the pictures and
send your teacher a postcard from one of the
panoramic sites to show that you visited! Click
on each picture here to see more information on
Shi Huangdi and the Great Wall.
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The Great Wall of China
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HERITAGES

• First heritages passed on
• Writing systems inherited
• Intellectual systems, art copied
• Religious, philosophical systems copied
• Useful inventions rarely forgotten, easily spread
• River valley civilizations decline by 1000BCE
• All subject to nomadic invasions
• Indo-Europeans and Semites were strongest
• Geographical centers shifted (all except China)
• Political Structures often not continued

Paul Philps, 2007
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CIVILIZATION SPREADS

• Phoenician Sailors in Lebanon
• City-states traded across Mediterranean
• Invented alphabet
• Lydians, Hittites in Asia Minor
• Introduced Iron, coinage to area
• Hebrews in Palestine
• Large Semitic migration in area
• Ethical monotheism
• Conduct determines salvation
• There is only one God speaking through prophets,
  priests
• God made a covenant with the Jews, his Chosen
  people

Paul Philps, 2007
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NOMADS BARBARIANS?

• Pastoral herding on fringes
• Seen as savages
• Interaction vs. conflict
• Nomads traded, coexisted with settled areas
• Nomads warred on, conquered settled areas
• Often protected merchants, allowed trade
• Prior to 1500 BCE little major threat
• Chariot Peoples (Central Asian Indo-Europeans)
• Domesticated horse, invented chariot, iron
  weapons
• Pushed into SW Asia, S. Asia, E. Asia, Europe
• Responsible for spread of ideas, trade

Paul Philps, 2007