[e-mail]

1
?????
http//bb.nctu.edu.tw/

• ???
• tsaiwn_at_csie.nctu.edu.tw
• ??????????
• 2009/09/16

E N I A C
2
Basic Computer Concept
????? ? ? ?

• Hardware, Software, Algorithm
• Wen-Nung Tsai
• tsaiwn_at_csie.nctu.edu.tw
• tsaiwn_at_cs.nctu.edu.tw
• tsaiwn_at_gmail.com

3
Agenda

• ?? ? ?? ? ????? ? ? ?
• ????(????)? BCC?(Basic Computer Concept)
• ???? Computing History
• ????????? ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And
  Calculator
• ???63 ?????? 1946 02 14
• ???????(Acronym)
• ???????? ????????? ?
• ????? ??? ????? ????

• ????????? ?

4
?? ? ?? ?
????? ? ? ? ? ?

• ?????? -- ???????. . .

• ? ? ? ? ? ????????

5
Web Applications
6
Computer Applications
7
????? (Information Literacy)

• ??? ???(Acronym)?
• Internet ??? ? WWW ???
• Y2K
• ????? (????????)
• ?????
• DoS (Denyal of Service)?
• ????? ????? CA??? GCA?

Year 2000, Y2k38 (2038)?
8
(No Transcript)
9
Computing History ????
(1/10)

• 0 BC 500 abacus, 1625 slide rule, by
  William Oughtred
• 1642 Pascals adding machine, by Blaise
  Pascal

Pascaline ????????
10
Computing History(2/10)

• 0th Generation 1673 ???Gottfried Leibniz
  ?????????? step reckoner 1694 ?Gottfried
  Leibniz ????? Pascaline ??,???????????????

Step Reckoner
???? (Leibniz)
11
Computing History(3/10)

• 1801? Jacquard ????? (Loom)

Jacquards Loom
12
Computing History(4/10)

• 1822????(Charles Babbage) ?????(Difference
  Engine)?
• 1833???????????(Analytical Engine),??????????????
  ?,???????????????
• 1842?Augusta Ada Byron,Countess of Lovelace ?
  Luigi Menabrea ????????????????,??????????(program
  mer) -- ??????????

Analytical Engine
13
Computing History(5/10)

• 1890? Tabulating Machine, by Herman Hollerith?
• - 1896? Herman Hollerith???Tabulating Machine
  Company
• - 1911?????????Computing-Tabulating-Recording
  Company
• - 1924???????Thomas J. Watson????? IBM
  (International Business Machines Corporation)

Holleriths Tabulating Machine
14
Computing History(6/10)

• 1944? Mark I, by Howard Aiken, Harvard
  University?

Mark I, 1944 at Harvard University
????????, ????????
15
Computing History(7/10)

• 1st Generation Vacuum tubes
• 1941 ABC ,
• 1946/2/14 ENIAC
• A computer like the ENIAC is equipped with
  18,000 vacuum tubes(???) and weighs 30 tons,
  computers in the future may have only 1,000
  vacuum tubes and weigh only 1 1/2 tons."
• -- Popular Mechanics, 1949 edition.

16
Computing History (8/10)

• 2nd Generation Transistor
• 1947 William Shockley of Bell Labs invents first
  transistor
• 1948 patent on 1st transistor by William Shockley
  
• 1948/1 IBM makes its 1st computer
• 1952 IBM produces IBM 701, 1st electronic stored
  program computer
• 1954 IBM 650, machine languageassembly language,
  there is no OS.
• 1954 Bell Labs constructs an all transistor
  computer

1947/12/23 first Point-contact transistor
17
Computing History (9/10)

• 3rd Generation IC Integrated Circuit
• 1958 Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert
  Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor independently
  invent 1st integrated circuit
• 1963 DEC produces PDP-8, 1st computer to use
  integrated circuit
• 1964 IBM System/360
• 1968 Robert Noyce, inventor of 1st integrated
  circuit, leaves Fairchild Semiconductor to start
  own business called INTEL

TIs first IC
18
Computing History (10/10)

• 4-th Generation VLSI, ULSI
• ? ? ? 5-th Generation ? ? ?
• Large Scale Ic LSI
• Very Large Scale Ic VLSI
• Ultra Large Scale Ic ULSI

The Pentium, introduced in late 1993, contained
3.1 million transistors and initially ran at 60
MHz.
19
http//www.acm.vt.edu/andrius/work/microproc/

• 1970 Intel releases DRAM memory chip
• Intel 4004 (1971)
• 1MHz, 45 instructions
• 2300 transistors
• 1972 Intel 8008
• 1974 Intel 8080, 2-MHz
• 1974 Motorola 6800
• 1975 Zilog Z80, 1976 MOS Technologies 6502
• 1978 Intel 8086, 4.77MHz, 29000 transistors
• 1979 Intel 8088
• 1982 Intel286, 12 MHz
• 1985 Intel386 , first 32-bit, 25MhZ

20
http//www.pcmech.com/show/processors/35/2/

• 1989 Intel 486 DX (with 487), 33 MHz
• 1994 AMD 486
• 1993 Intel Pentium, 60MHz
• 1995 AMD AM5x86, 133MHz
• 1995 Intel Pentium Pro
• 1995 Cyrix 6x86
• 1996 AMD K5
• 1997 Pentium MMX
• 1997 Pentium II, 1998 Celeron, 1999 P !!!
• 2000 Celeron II, Pentium IV, AMD Duron
• 2003/03/12 Intel Centrino(??)

21
Blaise Pascal

• 1623 ?6?19???????????
• 13 ????,???????????????
• 17 ????,???????????????
• 1642???????? Pascaline
• Pascaline????? 1649 ???????????
• ??? 50 ?????,???????????????,???????????????????,?
  ?????????
• 1646 ??????????,??????????
• 1653 ??? Pascal Triangle ??????
• Blaise Pascal ??????????,?????????,??????????????
  ???????????????
• ???????????????????????,???????,??????????? 1662
  ? 8 ? 19 ?,???????????????,??39
  ??????????????????????

22
ENIAC, Announced at 1946/02/14

• Had over 18,000 vacuum tubes(17468 actually) in
  it.
• The most complex vacuum-tube machine ever built.
• Occupied a 50 by 30 foot room(1,500 square feet,
  about the size of a class room).
• Weighed 30 tons.
• Required 200 Kilo Watts of electricity.
• Had a clock speed of 0.1 MHz. (1024 MHz 1
  GHz)
• Took 200 microseconds to do addition. 5000/sec
• Took 2.6 milliseconds to do multiplication.
  350/sec
• Was designed to calculate ballistic trajectories.
  
• At 1145 p.m., October 2, 1955, with the power
  finally shut off, the ENIAC retired.

23
E N I A C

• 61 ?????? 1946 02 14
• ?????????(University of Pennsylvania)
• ????????? ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• By John Mauchly ??? J. Presper Eckert
• Stored program concept John von Neumann???
• ENIAC patent (U.S.3,120,606), filed on
  1947/06/26
• ?????????? ??????ABC ?
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• By John Atanasoff (1941)
• At Iowa (???) State University

24
E N I A C vs. A B C

• ???????
• 1973/10/19 ??????? ????????
• ????????? ? ABC
• ABC -- John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (1941)
• ????????? ENIAC
• E N I A C -- by John Mauchly J. P. Eckert
• (1946 / 02 / 14 announced)
• At 1145 p.m., October 2, 1955, with the power
  finally shut off, the ENIAC retired

25
http//www.cs.iastate.edu/jva/jva-archive.shtml

• On October 19, 1973, US Federal Judge Earl R.
  Larson signed his decision following a lengthy
  court trial which declared the ENIAC patent of
  Mauchly and Eckert invalid and named Atanasoff
  the inventor of the electronic digital computer
  -- the Atanasoff-Berry Computer or the ABC..more
  about ABC

John Atanasoff
26
The Suit regarding the patent

• In late 1966 or early 1967, patent lawyer Charles
  G. Call was summoned to the office of senior
  partner D. Dennis Allegretti and asked him if he
  would be interested on taking a case which might
  take ten years of his time. Call, eager to
  demonstrate his talents, accepted. Allegretti
  explained that the client was the Honeywell
  Company of Minneapolis and the case involved a
  controversy with the Sperry Rand Corporation over
  what was called generally "the ENIAC PATENTS."

27

• In January 1968 Atanasoff proceeded with the
  pretrial project of having his electronics
  experts at his Frederick, Maryland, plant
  construct a replica of the prototype computer he
  and Cliff Berry had constructed more than
  twenty-five years earlier at Iowa State College.
  Atanasoff was excited about the project in which
  he could establish clearly that sketches, ideas,
  and plans he had made available to Mauchly in
  June 1941 could be used to construct a prototype
  electronic digital computer. Presentation of such
  a machine in court should, with finality,
  demolish Mauchly's contention that he didn't
  learn anything from his examination of the
  Atanasoff Berry Computer, his examination of the
  plans, or his conversations with Atanasoff or
  Cliff Berry.

28

• Atanasoff testified that by 24 March 1939 he had
  his concepts for an electronic digital computer
  worked out on paper and approved by the Physics
  Department of Iowa State College for submission
  to Iowa State College Research Council with a
  request for research funds. Honeywell lawyer
  Halladay submitted the 24 March 1939 letter of
  two pages of the Department of Physics for
  identification. Atanasoff was then asked to
  identify an 18 May 1939 letter from Professor E.
  W. Lindstrom notifying Atanasoff of the 650
  research grant and Atanasoff's 23 May 1939 reply
  thanking Professor Linstrom.

29

• In a letter to his meteorologist friend H. Helms
  Clayton dated 28 June 1941 Mauchly had told of
  his trip to Iowa State and had expressed
  enthusiasm over the computing machine he had
  observed.
• Atanasoff testified that his first meeting with
  Mauchly was at the AAAS (American Association for
  the Advancement of Science) in late December
  1940, and then discussed with Mauchly in January,
  February, March, April, and May of 1941.
• Atanasoff said and identified a 35-page booklet
  with a green cover describing the Atanasoff Berry
  Computer construction and concepts with
  hand-sketched drawings he had completed in August
  1940. "He had a copy of this document while he
  was visiting and asked me if he could take it
  back with him. I told him I preferred that he did
  not and he did not take it back, to the best of
  my knowledge and belief."

30
ENIAC Inventors (left) John W. Mauchly, and
(right) J. Presper Eckert.

• 1907/08/30-1980/01/08  Mauchly
• 1919/04/09-1995/06/03 Eckert

E N I A C
?????????(University of Pennsylvania)
31
The ABC -- Atanasoff-Berry Computer
Cliff Berry
1903/10/4-1995/6/15
1918/8/24-1963/12/14
http//www.cs.iastate.edu/jva/jva-archive.shtml
32
Moores Law vs. Gilders Law The
Last Twenty Years
Ethernet
10000
Cray T90
Cray C90
Storage
Cray Y-MP
Cray 2
1000
Alpha
RS6000/590
802.11
Alpha
Cray X-MP
100
RS6000/540
Cray 1S
i860
10
Performance in Mflop/s
R2000
Ethernet
1
Storage in MB
Speed in Mbps
80387
0.1
6881
80287
8087
0.01
1982
1998
1986
1988
1990
1994
1996
1984
1992
Source Gordon Bell, Microsoft Research
33
Moore's Law vs. Gilder's Law

• ??????(Moores Law),???(Intel)???Gordon
  Moore???,??????????(chips)???????????????????
• ???????(Gilders Law),???????????????????

• ?????? -- Murphys Law ? ?

34
The Next Twenty Years from 2000..
802.11
Storage
Wired Ethernet
100000
10000
1000
100
Speed in Gbps
Performance in Gflop/s
Storage in GB
10
1
0.1
2008
2010
2014
2000
2004
2006
2012
2002
2016
Source Gordon Bell, Microsoft Research
35
By 2009 (its almost true now)

• Almost everything will be connected to the
  Internet
• Appliances, automobiles, personal communicators,
  screens (large and small), even your watch.
• 3 billion Internet-capable wireless devices
• The Internet will be
• Telephone, answering machine, television, radio,
  movie theatre, clock, store, cell phone, pager,
  post office, mailbox, library, security system,
  gaming platform, musical instrument, learning
  center, storage medium, and much, much more!

Source Gordon Bell, Microsoft Research
36
???? ??? (Acronym)

• ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
  (Calculator ?)

• IBM
• I Believe Money
• International Big Mouth (OOP ? ?????)
• International Business Machine
• IDF
• I Dont Fly
• I Dont Fight
• I Do Fly , I Do Fight
• CS
• Computer Science
• Counter Strike ?

• OOP
• Object Oriented Programming
• Office Of President
• http//www.oop.gov.tw
• ICQ (I Seek You)

37
Data Storage

• Acronym (???) revisited
• BIT (Binary digiT), Gates (???), Flip-Flops (???)
• BYTE (BinarY TErm) ?? bit ???? Character??
• Main Memory
• CORE (??, ????) -- ???(memory)????
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
• Mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• SRAM, DRAM (EDODRAM, SDRAM, DDR DRAM, RAMBUS)
• Mass Storage DRUM, Magnetic Disk, Compact Disk,
  Magnetic Tap, . . .

• ???????? ????????

38
Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera

• K Kilo 1000 1024 2 ? 10 ??
• M Mega Million 10241024
• G Giga 102410241024
• T Tera 1024102410241024
• ??Kg??, Km??, 512 MBytes, 80 GB HD
• m milli 1/1000 ?? mm??
• u micro 1/1000000 ?? us ??
• n nano 1/1000,000,000 ?????
• p pico 1/1000000000000 ????

39
More about power prefixes (1/2)

• Prefix Symbol Factor
• Yotta Y 1024
• Zetta Z 1021
• Exa E 1018
• Peta P 1015
• Tera T 1012
• Giga G 109
• Mega M 106
• Kilo K 103
• Hecto H 102
• Deka Da 101

40
More about power prefixes (1/2)

• Prefix Symbol Factor
• deci d 10-1
• centi c 10-2
• milli m 10-3
• micro u 10-6
• nano n 10-9
• pico p 10-12
• femto f 10-15
• atto a 10-18
• zepto z 10-21
• yocto y 10-24

41
Core by Dr. An Wang

• 1949/9 An Wang filed his patent application for a
  "Pulse Transfer Controlling Device."
• His Pulse Transfer Controlling Devices were
  minuscule toroidal coils with a donut-shaped
  ferrite core magnetized in one of two possible
  directions 0 or 1, the basic units of every bit
  of information that a computer or electronic
  calculator can handle. Its permanent but
  controllable nature made them the ideal
  substratum to hold the "memory" required by the
  emerging calculating electronic devices.

42
Core by Dr. An Wang (cont)

• Six years later, in May 17, 1955, the Patent
  Office issued patent 2,708,722 to Dr. Wang. It
  took little time for IBM, a company with big
  stakes on the field, to catch interest on this
  invention, and after a bitter negotiation IBM
  bought the patent.

43
Data Representation

• ????? 0 ? 1
• ?????? ???? (Character????) ?
• ?????? ?? (Integer) ?
• ?????? ?? (Real numberFloat) ?
• ?????? ????? (double) ?

44
????????? ?

• ??? 0 ? 63 ??????, ???????...
• ?????????????????? ?????????!

45
?????????

• 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
• 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
• 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
• 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63

46
?????????

• 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
• 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
• 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
• 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63

47
?????????

• 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
• 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
• 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
• 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63

48
?????????

• 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15,
• 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31,
• 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47,
• 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63

49
?????????

• 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15,
• 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31,
• 34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47,
• 50, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 63

50
?????????

• 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,
• 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31,
• 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47,
• 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63

51
????????? How?

• 1, 3, 5, 7, 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
• 9, 11, 13, 15, 0 0 0 0 1 0 2
• 17, 19, 21, 23, 0 0 0 0 1 1 3
• 25, 27, 29, 31, 0 0 0 1 0 0 4
• 33, 35, 37, 39, 0 0 0 1 0 1 5
• 41, 43, 45, 47, 0 0 0 1 1 0 6
• 49, 51, 53, 55, 0 0 0 1 1 1 7
• 57, 59, 61, 63 0 0 1 0 0 0 8

52
????????? How?

• 2, 3, 6, 7, 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
• 10, 11, 14, 15, 0 0 0 0 1 0 2
• 18, 19, 22, 23, 0 0 0 0 1 1 3
• 26, 27, 30, 31, 0 0 0 1 0 0 4
• 34, 35, 38, 39, 0 0 0 1 0 1 5
• 42, 43, 46, 47, 0 0 0 1 1 0 6
• 50, 51, 54, 55, 0 0 0 1 1 1 7
• 58, 59, 62, 63 0 0 1 0 0 0 8

53
????????? How?

• 4, 5, 6, 7, 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
• 12, 13, 14, 15, 0 0 0 0 1 0 2
• 20, 21, 22, 23, 0 0 0 0 1 1 3
• 28, 29, 30, 31, 0 0 0 1 0 0 4
• 36, 37, 38, 39, 0 0 0 1 0 1 5
• 44, 45, 46, 47, 0 0 0 1 1 0 6
• 52, 53, 54, 55, 0 0 0 1 1 1 7
• 60, 61, 62, 63 0 0 1 0 0 0 8

54
????????? How?

• 8, 9, 10, 11, 0 0 0 1 1 1 7
• 12, 13, 14, 15, 0 0 1 0 0 0 8
• 24, 25, 26, 27, 0 0 1 0 0 1 9
• 28, 29, 30, 31, 0 0 1 0 1 0 10
• 40, 41, 42, 43, 0 0 1 0 1 1 11
• 44, 45, 46, 47, 0 0 1 1 0 0 12
• 56, 57, 58, 59, 0 0 1 1 0 1 13
• 60, 61, 62, 63 0 0 1 1 1 0 14

55
????????? How?

• 16, 17, 18, 19, 0 1 0 0 0 0 16
• 20, 21, 22, 23, 0 1 0 0 0 1 17
• 24, 25, 26, 27, 0 1 0 0 1 0 18
• 28, 29, 30, 31, 0 1 0 0 1 1 19
• 48, 49, 50, 51, 0 1 0 1 0 0 20
• 52, 53, 54, 55, 0 1 0 1 0 1 21
• 56, 57, 58, 59, 0 1 0 1 1 0 22
• 60, 61, 62, 63 0 1 0 1 1 1 23

56
???????

• ????????0?63????????(??), ????????
• ??????? ... ??????, ??????????????,
• ??????????, ??????????, ????????
• ???, ???????????????
• ?? ????????? 0?
• ??????????????, ???????????, ??
• ??????, ????????, ???????
• ??
• ??????????????? (binary number)?
• ??? 1, ???? 0?
• ???????, ?????????? !
• ?????????????????(weight, ??)?

57
?????????

• / ???????????? /
• for( int i0 i lt 5 i)
• printf("?????????\n\n ")
• / ??? i ??? /
• printf("\n\n\n")

58
?????????

• for( int i0 i lt 5 i)
• printf("?????????\n\n ")
• for(k0 k lt 63 k)
• if( k (2? i ??) ! 0)
• printf("2d, ", k)
• if(???) printf("\n")
• printf("\n\n\n")

Bug
59
int yy 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
//??????? 2? i ?? table look up

• for( int i0 i lt 5 i)
• printf("?????????\n\n ")
• for(k0 k lt 63 k)
• if( k yyi ! 0)
• printf("2d, ", k)
• if(???) printf("\n")
• printf("\n\n\n")

60
if(???) printf("\n")

• int np 0 / numbers printed /
• for(k0 k lt 63 k)
• if( k yyi ! 0)
• printf("2d, ", k)
• np // number printed
• if( np8 0) printf("\n")

Bug
61
if(???) printf("\n")
Bug

• int np 0
• for(k0 k lt 63 k)
• if( k yyi ! 0)
• printf("2d, ", k)
• /// np // number printed
• if( (np)8 0) printf("\n")
• // ????????? (new line)

???? (kyyi)
62
?????????????

• / ???????????? /
• includeltstdio.hgt
• int yy 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
• int k, np
• main( )
• for( int i0 i lt 5 i)
• printf("?????????\n\n ")
• np0
• / ??? i ??? /
• printf("\n\n\n")

?????? for . .
63
?????

• ????????(32????)? ????
• ??? ... ????????
• ??????table (array) ???2?i ??,
• ??????
• ??? ?????
• ?????????????,
• ????? (hint ??? if )

64
Internet ??? ?

• ??????????????? Internet??,???????????????????
• ? TCP/IP ?????????????
• ????,????????????
• ????????????????
• ??? InterNet ?????????????????????,?????????(????)
  ???????????
• Internet? vs. internet?
• ARPAnet
• ARPAnet ?????????????,?????????????????(????)?????
  ????

NSFNet ? MILNet ? TANet? Hinet?? ISP?
65
Internet ??????

• 1962 ARPA computer program begins
• 1965 First actual network experiment, Lincoln
  Labs (now part of MIT)
• 1966 ARPA packet-switching experimentation
• 1969 First Arpanet nodes operational
• 1972 Distributed e-mail invented
• 1973 For non-U.S. computer linked to ARPAnet
• 1975 Arpanet transitioned to Defense
  communications Agency
• 1977 E-mail takes off, Internet becomes a
  reality, Number of hosts breaks 100.
• 1978/2 first real BBS, the Board in Chicago
• 1980 TCP/IP experimentation begins
• 1981 New host added every 20 days

66
Internet ??????(Cont.)

• 1983 TCP/IP switchover complete
• 1984 Number of hosts breaks 1,000.
• 1986 NFSnet backbone created
• 1987 Number of hosts breaks 30,000.
• 1989 Number of hosts breaks 100,000
• 1990 Arpanet retired
• 1990 300,000 Hosts. 1,000 News groups
• 1991 Gopher introduced, U of Minnesota.
• 1991 WWW invented
• 1992 Hosts 1 Million. News groups 4,000
• 1993 Mosaic introduced (?????????)
• 1993 Hosts 2 Million. 600 WWW sites

67
Internet ??????(Cont.2)

• 1995 Internet backbone privatized
• 1995/May Java formally announced by Sun
  Microsystems (JacaScript by Netscape)
  
• 1995 6.5 Million Hosts, 100,000 WWW Sites
• 1996 OC-3 (155Mbps) backbone built
• 1996 Internet 2
• 1996 Next Generation Internet (NGI)
• 1997 20 Million Hosts,
• 1 Million WWW sites, 71,618 Newsgroups.
• 1999 Dot-com Frenzy. ?
• 2000 Dot-com Crash. ? ? ?
• 123 Million Hosts, 8.5 Million WWW sites

68
www.aol.comAOL American On-Line
69
AOL American On-Line

• 1992/3 14.74 17.37 14.74 15.25 3,181,700 0.12
• 1993/1 28.25 28.75 25.50 28.75 23,900
  0.22
• 1994/1 56.02 63.76 49.98 63.75 215,900
  0.50
• 1994/11 69.26 73.76 36.71 41.75 252,200 0.65
  
• 1998/2 99.99 123.94 98.00 121.37 2,883,100 7.59
• 1998/12 101.06 128.37 85.12 127.37 11,248,800
  15.92
• 1999/2 172.64 173.46 85.35 88.94 10,261,700
  44.47
• 1999/12 74.00 95.81 72.06 75.87 30,512,200
  75.87
• 2002/9 12.12 13.88 12.06 12.89 18,807,600
  12.89

70
www.Yahoo.com ??
71
www.redhat.comRed Hat Linux
72
http//www.broadvision.com/Broad Vision ????
73
Internet 2 backbone connections
Donna Cox,Robert Patterson, NCSA
74
(No Transcript)
75
Networking in NCTU

• 1987 ?? VAX8800 ??????????? BITNET,???????? IBM
  ??? BITNET ?? ,????????? BITNET ???
• 1990 ??????????????2460?,??????????
  40?,???????????(FDDI)???
• 1991/9 ???????????802.3????, ??????
• 1992/5 ????????????(CCCA)???
• 1992/12 ??????????T1 ?????1.544Mbps
• 1994/9 ???????? category 5 ???(twisted pair)?
• 1997 ??????????
• 1999 ??????????,???100Mbps???1Gbps ?
• 2000/2 ???????????802.11????,2001/11???802.11b????
  ???????????????
• 2002/7/19 ?????????????????????????UN
  eT?,???2.5G bit/sec,?????????????????ADSL (?SDSL)
  ?

76
TANet History, Hinet (1/2)

• 1989/9 ????????????????????????????,??????????????
  ???????
• 1990?2? ????????????(Taiwan Academic Network,??
  TANet)?1990?7? TANet ?????
• 1991/12 TANet ?64Kbps????????? JvNCnet ???
• 1994/4/1 ??????Hinet?????????, ????????????,
  ???????????
• 1994/8 ???????????????????????,?? N I I ???
  (National Information Infrastructure project)
  ???????????????? Internet ????300???
• 1994/10 TANet ????????512 Kbps ?
• 1995/4 Hinet ???????
• 1995/10 ?????????T1(1.544Mbps),1996/5???2?T1
  ,?????????????JvNCnet?????GLOBAL-ONE?1998/11
  TANet?????????T3(45Mbps) ?
• 1998/10 ???????????,???????ADSL???
• 1998/12 ?? Internet ??????300???
• 1999/12???????ADSL????????????

77
TANet History, Hinet (2/2)

• 2000?02?,????????????????120 Mbps
  (ATM),?????????????45 Mbps?
• 2000/11 Hinet ??? ????
• 2000/12 ??????????626???
• 2001/3 ??????????674??
• TANet???????246?,??????????528?,
• ??????1.7?,ADSL???? 22?,
• Cable Modem????14?,ISDN????1.5?,
• ??????3000????????????????????????,????????
  ?????674??
• 2001?10?,?????T3 2?????STM12(310Mbps)?
• 2001/12 ?????????? 782 ?, ?? ADSL?????
• 2002/1/24 ???? ADSL????100?, ????????
• 2002/6 ??????????? 800 ??
• 2002/8 ???? ADSL???150?, ????????
• 2004/11 ADSL ???? 300 ?,???????? 368??
• 2005/11 ADSL ???? 400 ?,?????460
  ??(?FTTB),?????????1,100??,?????1,500???
• 2006/9 ADSL ??? 500 ?,????????? 580??

78
??
79
(No Transcript)
80
The Internet Explodes
81
The World Wide Web (WWW)

• The Year1988
• John Walker, founder of Autodesk, acquires
  Nelsons technology and sinks 5 million into its
  development.
• However, he is beaten to the race in 1989 by Tim
  Berners-Lee a physicist at CERN (European
  Particle Physics Laboratory) who proposed a
  global hypertext system that he named
  WorldWideWeb.
• Berners-Lee specifically invented three things
• HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) a standard
  format for enabling all computers to look up
  documents.
• Universal Resource Locator (URL) a standard for
  finding a document by typing in an address like
  http//www.webonomics.com/book.html
• HyperText Markup Language (HTML) a standard
  design for word processor-like functions that
  enables people to add special codes to text.
• The Year1991
• Berners-Lee makes his trio of programs available
  on the Internet.
• Leads to a rapid growth in the number of web
  sites.

82
WWW ??? Tim Berners-Lee

• Berners-Lee has software in his blood. Both his
  parents were programmers who worked for the
  British company Ferranti on one of the first
  commercial computers.
• He read physics at Queen's College, Oxford, where
  he built his first computer with a soldering
  iron, a microprocessor chip and an old television
  set.
• Graduating in 1976, he worked first for
• Plessey and later for a firm writing
• typesetting software.

83
Web Servers

• A Web server is a software program rather than
  hardware
• http daemon in Unix http service in Windows NT
• Functions
• service HTTP requests
• provide access control, determining who can
  access particular directories or files on the Web
  server
• run scripts and external programs to either add
  functionality to the Web documents or provide
  real-time access to database and other dynamic
  data
• enable management and administration of both the
  server functions and the contents of the Web site
• log transactions that the user makes
• Distinguished by
• platforms, performance, security, and commerce

84
Web Browsers

• Lynx, Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer,
• Browser is independent web servers dont keep
  track of who is using them. Each request is
  self-contained and treated independently of all
  others.
• Cookies dont count they sit on your machine
• And the database of account info doesnt count
  either this is ancient history, nothing recent
• ... So the web has two network applications that
  talk to each other
• The browser on your machine
• The web server it happens to connect with which
  has a database behind it

85
The actual NeXT Computer that ran the original
WWW server and browser at CERN
86
1993 Mosaic was born

• One of these programmers was Marc Andreessen, who
  was working for the NCSA in Urbana-Champaign,
  Illinois.
• In January 1993, Andreessen released a version of
  his new, handsome, point-and-click graphical
  browser for the Web, designed to run on Unix
  machines.
• In August, Andreessen and his co-workers at the
  center released free versions for Macintosh and
  Windows.

87
Mosiac Communications (Netscape)

• December 1993 Andreersson left NCSA and founded
  Mosiac Communications, now called Netscape.
• Many of the key developers from NCSA went with
  him to work on a new browser.

88
Computer Virus?

• 1988?11?3?,?????Internet????(Worm),?????????????
  ?????????????,??23???????????????????Internet??
  ??????,???????BSD UNIX?????6000????????,??????????
  ?????????????????????????????,????6000????????????
  ?????!
• 1991?1?,???????????????????????????????,??????????
  ?????????????

89
The Matrix
90
Computer Virus?

• ?????2?(Matrix Reloaded)??????????????,???????????
  ??? ,???????????????????!

91
DoS???? Ping of Death

• ??
• ?? ping??????????? IP ?
• ?????????? (gt65535 bytes
• based on RFC-791) ?
• ???????????????,?????????
• ??????????????????????(fragments)??????????,??????
  ?????????,???????????? Buffer overflow???????

92
DDoS?

•  2000?2?,????????(yahoo.com)??????buy.com????????(
  amazon.com) ?????CNN.com????????????????????(Distr
  ibuted Denial-of-Service)?????,??????????????,????
  ?????????,???????????????,???????????????
• 2000?12?,?????????????????????????????Creditcard.c
  om?????????,??Creditcard.com????????????,?????????
  ????????????

93
?????
Reference book for programming (?????????)
The C programming Language, by KR (Brian W.
Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie ) (?? C ?????,
?????????)
.
? ? ? tsaiwn_at_cs.nctu.edu.tw
94
???????? 23?
95
???? Operating Systems

• Booting
• Bootstrap Loader Program
• ??ROM (??FLASH)
• Read Only Memory
• Bootstrap, MBR (Master Boot Record)
• Kernel
• Program? Process?
• Interrupt ? ?? (??)

? ? Software
96
???? -- ???????

• ???? (Machine Language) 010101001...
• ???? (Assembly, ????)
• ????????? FORTRAN
• By John Backus 1956 ? at IBM
• FORmula TRANslator ??, ??
• COBOL (???) ????????
• ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
• Pascal, Ada, C/C, Java, JavaScript
• 4GL(???????), 5GL ? (Prolog)

97
?? Program ?

• Data Structures Algorithms
• Programs
• ????????? Program
• Data Representation ? ?? ???????
• Data Structure ????????????????? ?

98
Algorithm ???

• Pseudocode
• Sequential
• Iterative --- sin(x), N!
• Recursive --- Hanoi tower, gcd, N!
• Efficiency ?
• Other Algorithms ... Greedy? Dynamic Programming?
  

99
?????? -- ?? Array (??) Loop
?????

• 1
• 1 1
• 1 2 1
• 1 3 3 1
• 1 4 6 4 1
• 1 5 10 10 5 1

By Blaise Pascal, 1653
(ab)2 a22a.bb2
C(5,0) 1 C(5,1) 5 C(5,2) 10
C(5,3)
100
????? (ASCII code )

• includeltstdio.hgt
• main( )
• printf(" c ? ASCII code?d\n", '0', '0')
• printf(" c ? ASCII code?d\n", 'A', 'A')
• printf(" c ? ASCII code?d\n", 'a', 'a')

0 ? ASCII code ? 48 A ? ASCII code ? 65 a ? ASCII
code ? 97
??????EBCDIC???
101
????? (ASCII code )

• includeltstdio.hgt
• main( )
• int i, k0
• for(i65 ilt122 i)
• printf(" c ? ASCII code", i)
• printf(" ?d", i)
• k printf(k30? "\n" "\t")
• printf("\n" )

102
????? (????)

• includeltstdio.hgt
• unsigned char x9 0
• main( )
• int m 0xa4, n0x6a
• x0 m x1n
• x2 0xae, x397
• x4 0xa6, x50x6e
• printf("s\n", x)

103
????? (????)
???????? testc.c
ccbsd2 tsaiwngt gcc testc.c ccbsd2 tsaiwngt
./a.out ??? ccbsd2 tsaiwngt
? ? ? ? ?
? ?
104
http//www.acm.vt.edu/andrius/work/microproc/

• 1970 Intel releases DRAM memory chip
• Intel 4004 (1971)
• 1MHz, 45 instructions
• 2300 transistors
• 1972 Intel 8008
• 1974 Intel 8080, 2-MHz
• 1974 Motorola 6800
• 1975 Zilog Z80, 1976 MOS Technologies 6502
• 1978 Intel 8086, 4.77MHz, 29000 transistors
• 1979 Intel 8088
• 1982 Intel286, 12 MHz
• 1985 Intel386 , first 32-bit, 25MhZ

105
http//www.pcmech.com/show/processors/35/2/

• 1989 Intel 486 DX (with 487), 33 MHz
• 1994 AMD 486
• 1993 Intel Pentium, 60MHz
• 1995 AMD AM5x86, 133MHz
• 1995 Intel Pentium Pro
• 1995 Cyrix 6x86
• 1996 AMD K5
• 1997 Pentium MMX
• 1997 Pentium II, 1998 Celeron, 1999 P !!!
• 2000 Celeron II, Pentium IV, AMD Duron
• 2002 WiMAX announced on Intel IDF, 802.16
• 2003/01 802.16a
• 2003/03/12 Intel Centrino(??) 802.11
• 2004/12 WiMAX 802.16d ??(802.16-2004), ?? 802.16
  ? 802.16a
• 2005/07???WiMAX 802.16e(???? 802.16-2005)??
• 2006/01/19 IEEE?184?0?????EWC????????????802.11n??
  ,??2007?????

106
???? (Murphy's Law)
BACK

• ???? (Murphy's Law)
• Anything that can go wrong will go wrong.
• ?????????, ???????
• Murphy(??)?,????,???????1950???????????????,??????
  ??????Murphy???????,???????????
• ?????????????????? -)
• ?????????????????. . .

107
????? ? ? ?

• ????
• http//bb.nctu.edu.tw/
• ???
• http//www.csie.nctu.edu.tw/tsaiwn/introcs/FL/