OCEN 201 Introduction to Ocean

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OCEN 201Introduction to Ocean Coastal
Engineering

• Renewable Marine Energy (2)
• Jun Zhang
• jzhang_at_civil.tamu.edu

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Cost of Ocean Energy
ltCarbon Trust Report, 2006gt
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Status of Ocean Energy Technologies

• Current Status

• Issues

• Design and Maintenance
• 1) Robustness and efficiency of energy
  generator
• 2) Corrosion and survivability
• 3) Economics
• Environmental impacts ecology (e.g. Shiwa tide
  power plant)
• Transmission Integration into the grid
  (intermittent energy generation and long
  distance)
• Storage of Energy

• Demonstration scale
• Cost estimate from 20-75cents/kWh for WEC and
  5-30cents/kWh for TEC. More realistic estimation
  may be at its high end
• More Research is needed not more hype

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Water Program Restarted in FY 2008
Ocean Energy Development in US
Program Areas and Funding
(Courtesy of Mr. Hoyt Battey, US DOE)
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 Recovery Act
0M 10M 40M 40M - 60M? 32M

• Appropriations address both conventional hydro
  (CH) and marine and hydrokinetic technologies
  (MHK)
• Recovery Act focused on conventional
  hydropower for short-term impacts
• Technology Definitions
• Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) energy from
• Waves
• Water currents (tides, rivers, ocean currents,
  man-made channels)
• Ocean thermal energy (OTEC)

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Development in US
FY09 Water Budget Allocation
FY2009 Water Budget 37.6M

• Technology Development Address technical
  barriers to device design, development, testing,
  and integration
• Market Acceleration Address non-technical
  barriers to development, siting, and deployment

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Development in US
MHK Program Priorities

• System Deployment and Testing
• Facilitate the deployment and testing of full
  scale MHK prototypes and components
• Support the development of integrated test
  centers
• Generate data on performance, reliability and
  impacts
• Cost Reduction and System Performance/Reliability
  
• Support design and development of scale systems
  and components
• Develop design and testing protocol, support
  developers who follow it
• Understand Environmental Effects
• Collect/disseminate data on environmental impacts
  to reduce deployment costs and environmental
  effect
• Resource Assessments
• Determine the available, extractable, and
  cost-effective water resources in the US
• Develop Evaluation and Performance Standards
• Characterize, evaluate and compare the wide
  variety of MHK technologies continue IEC/IEA
  standards development

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Development in US
FY2008 MHK Projects
Technology Development Projects

• 2008 Funding Opportunity Announcement, Topic Area
  1 Advanced Water Power Renewable Energy In-Water
  Testing and Development Projects
• WaveConnect Wave Energy In-Water Testing and
  Development Project (Pacific Gas Electric
  Company)
• Development and Demonstration of an Oscillating
  Water Column (OWC) Power System (Concepts ETI,
  Inc).
• Improved Structure and Fabrication of Large,
  High-Power Kinetic Hydropower Systems and Rotors
  (Verdant Power Inc).
• Puget Sound Tidal Energy In-Water Testing and
  Development Project (Snohomish County PUD)
• Advanced Composite OTEC Cold Water Pipe Project
  (Lockheed Martin)
• Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
  (OSU/UW)
• National Marine Renewable Energy Center in Hawaii
  (U of Hawaii)

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Development in US
FY2008 MHK Projects
Market Acceleration Projects

• 2008 Funding Opportunity Announcement, Topic Area
  2 Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy
  Market Acceleration Projects
• Guidelines for Developers and a Framework for
  Siting Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Projects
  (Pacific Energy Ventures, re vision, PCCI)
• Wave Resource Assessment (Electric Power Research
  Institute -- EPRI)
• Tidal Resource Assessments (Georgia Tech Research
  Corporation)
• International Standards Development for Marine
  and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy (Science
  Applications International Corporation)
• Report to Congress Potential Environmental
  Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy
  Technologies
• International Energy Agency, Ocean Energy Systems
  (IEA-OES) Annex IV, Assessment of Environmental
  Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave,
  Tidal, and Current Energy Systems
• Jobs and Economic Development Index (JEDI)
  modeling

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Development in US
FY2009 Funding Opportunities

• Industry-led Projects
• Topic Area 1 MHK Energy Conversion Device or
  Component Design and Development
• Topic Area 2 MHK Site-specific Environmental
  Studies and Information
• Topic Area 3 Advanced Water Power Market
  Acceleration Projects/Analysis and Assessments
• Laboratory-led Projects
• Topic Areas 1 3 Supporting Research and
  Testing (MHK, CH)
• Computational tools/models to predict
  device/array behavior advanced materials, device
  testing and validation codes
• Topic Areas 2 4 Environmental Assessment and
  Mitigation Methods
• Tools and studies to predict, evaluate, and
  minimize environmental impacts

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Barriers and Actions to Overcome

• Despite the increased interest and research and
  development activities, ocean energy technologies
  remain high risk and at an early stage of
  development.
• Several technical and non-technical barriers are
  currently restricting development of ocean energy
  technologies.
• Lack of sufficient demonstration of prototypes in
  the marine environment
• Cost of connecting ocean energy systems to
  electricity networks impacts on demonstration
  projects
• Lack of understanding on environmental impacts
• Absence of internationally recognized standards
  for development, testing and measurement
• Ocean energy technology could contribute to
  meeting cost-effective, sustainable and secure
  energy demands in the long term provided
  governments and device developers act to overcome
  the barriers identified and reduce the high cost
  and high risk associated with these
• technologies.

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Resources
Wave Energy Resource Distribution
2,000TWh/year of energy, the equivalent of 10 of
the world electricity consumption, could be
harvested from the worlds oceans (CRES, 2006)
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Estimate of Wave Energy Resource

• Wave Energy Density
• Average wave energy per unit area it has unit
  (work/per unit area)
• Wave Energy Flux through unit length at ocean
  surface
• Wave Energy Resource (Energy Flux Time per unit
  length)
• Time of the wave at this height (per
  year) and per length of the wave field normal
  the wave direction, kwhr/m/year

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Example of Estimating Wave Energy Resource
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Example of Estimating Wave Energy Resource
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Example of Estimating Wave Energy Resource
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Storage (and Transport) of Renewable Energy
Because renewable energy such as wind, wave and
current energy, in general is not steady, the
issue of storage of their energy become an
important issue. The benefits of storage are
significant, especially in integrating
distributed power generation. Storage protects
against mistakes in forecasting, removes barriers
in connecting renewable sources to a variety of
grids, shifts demand peaks by storing off-peak
energy to sell back to the grid during peak
times, provides frequency regulation and deters
expensive grid upgrades.

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Storage of Renewable Energy

• The followings are a few ideas
• Large Battery System (High Performance Hydroxyl
  Conductive Membrane For Advanced Rechargeable
  Alkaline Batteries, High Energy, Low Temperature
  Rechargeable Battery for Load Leveling
  Application, Nanostructured Cathode for
  Magnesium Ion batteries)  
• Compress Air (For example, pumping pressured air
  into a massive case for storage)
  http//www.physorg.com/news188048601.html
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdGd7PIC09AM
• 3. Grid-scale Storage Project (pumping
  hydropower
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?viFdVX0NIPDE
  )

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Storage of Renewable Energy

• 4. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQU05d43dw6g
• 5. Combination the renewable energy device with
  other large energy consumption device (not only
  for storage but also saving transport cost)
• Fuel Cell (use spare energy to produce Hydrogen
  Oxygen from water)
• Desalination of sea water using renewable energy
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbIrXKyWF8Nw
• 3. Storage thermal energy (ice water, hot water
  and melting salts)
• 4. Liquefy natural gas or industries consuming
  heavy power

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Economic Assessment of RE Devices
The successful commercial deployment of all kinds
of RE (renewable energy) devices depends on the
cost. The following is an example of the cost of
a fixed offshore wind turbine. The figure shows
the breakdown of total system cost

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Economic Assessment of RE Devices

• Items in the total cost
• Support Structure (24)
• Wind Turbine (33)
• Grid Connection (Cable) (15)
• OM (operation and Maintenance) (23)
• Others (5)

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Storage Examples
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRlfDXAuhjwU http
//www.youtube.com/watch?vJgmbPf1Jd-8 http//ww
w.youtube.com/watch?vhCywnjG9tesfeaturerelated
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRa5WTItC0_4