Chapter%206%20Review%20Questions

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Chapter 6 Review Questions

• 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 (11.3), 6.5

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6.1 (Sources of Potential Products) Review Qs

1. Why are antibiotics important biotechnology
   products?

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Antibiotics are important biotechnology products

• Antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria.
• Before the widespread use of antibiotics in the
  1940s many people died from common diseases that
  we now treat fairly easy such as, strep throat,
  bronchitis, and pneumonia. Death rate is still
  high in underdeveloped countries.
• Large volumes are needed and antibiotic
  production is a large business ()

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1. What is the function of the enzyme, amylase?

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The function of the enzyme, amylase is

• Breaks down the large molecule starch into
  smaller moleculesglucose.

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• 3. Why might a company be interested in
  producing amylase as a product?

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A company might be interested in producing
amylase as a product because

• Since amylase may be used to produce sugar
  (glucose), any industry needing large quantities
  of sugar would be interested.
• Its easy to produce and cheap!

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• 4. Summarize the criteria that a potential
  product must meet in a CPDP review.

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Creating a Comprehensive Product Development Plan
(CPDP)

• Does the produce meet a critical need? Who will
  use the product?
• Is the market large enough to produce sufficient
  sales? How many customers are there?
• Does preliminary data support that the product
  will work? Will it do what the company claims?
• Can the company prevent other companies from
  producing it?
• Can the company make a profit on the product?
  How much will it cost to make? How much will it
  be sold for?

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6.2 (The Use of Assays) Review Qs

• What kind of assay would use Bradford reagent in
  the test?

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The assay that would use Bradford reagent in the
test is

• Protein concentration.
• Its a nonspecific protein indictor and will show
  the presence of any protein in solution. A
  technician can determine the concentration of an
  unknown sample by comparing the unknown to known
  solutions

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• 2. For what purpose would a technician use an
  ELISA?

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A technician would use an ELISA to

• Determine the presence concentration of a
  specific protein utilizing antibody-antigen
  specificity.

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• 3. What does a stability assay measure?

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A stability assay measures

• The shelf life of a product.
• It shows at what temperature, humidity, and light
  level should the product be stored. In what form
  should it be stored liquid, powder,
  freeze-dried, capsules, etc.

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• 4. In a large company, which department would
  have several employees developing and conducting
  assays?

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In a large company, the department that has
several employees developing and conducting
assays

• There may be an entire department established for
  assaying. Some companies have Assay Services and
  Quality Control Departments that specialize in
  testing company products.

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6.3 (ImmunoAssay) Questions

• 1. What is an immunoprecipitation assay?

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An immunoprecipitation assay is

• Method of determining the presence of a specific
  biochemical in a chemical mixture or biological
  sample using an antibody/antigen response.
• Think a
• pregnancy test!

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• 2. What are immunoassays used for detecting?

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Immunoassays are used to detect

• Determine the presence of disease, evolutionary
  relationship between different animals, and
  origin of biological samples at a crime scene.
• Commonly used by USDA to identify components of
  foods by running tests on diff. proteins (check
  for impurities types of meat being sold)

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• 3. What is the basic principle behind the science
  of immunoassays?

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The basic principle behind the science of
immunoassays is

• Immunoassays use the specificity of
  antigen-antibody binding to detect the specific
  molecule or chemical of interest.

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6.3 (ELISA) Review Questions

• 1. Explain how antibodies and enzymes are used in
  ELISAs (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays)

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Antibodies and enzymes are used in ELISAs by

• Antibodies bind to antigens (molecules of
  interest e.g. hCG)
• Enzyme on antibody causes a colored reaction
  (positive line on a pregnancy test)
• Without the enzyme, you would not be able to
  visualize the antigen binding to the antibody

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• 2.How can a technician know that an antigen is
  present during an ELISA?

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A technician can know that an antigen is present
during an ELISA by

• The enzyme-tagged antibodies! Adding a substrate
  (like GFP or TMB) will be cleaved by the enzyme
  and cause a color change.
• If there antigen did not bind to the
  enzyme-tagged antibody, the antibody will be
  washed away and no color change will occur.

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CityLab Doing E.L.I.S.A.

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vHDCZOzoe_1Y

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• 3. How can a technician know the concentration of
  an antigen in an ELISA?

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A technician can know the concentration of an
antigen in an ELISA by

• In a quantitative ELISA, samples of known antigen
  concentrations are tested at the same time as
  unknown samples.
• The amount of yellow/green color change in the
  known samples can be used to judge the
  yellow/green color change in the unknown (due to
  the antigen concentration).
• Use a spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance
  of color of ELISA product.

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• 4. What is the difference between a direct and an
  indirect ELISA?

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The difference between a direct and an indirect
ELISA is

• A direct ELISA only uses a primary antibody (only
  one antibody used)
• An indirect ELISA uses two antibodies both a
  primary and secondary antibody

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6.4 (11.3 new) Review Questions

• Distinguish between phenotype and genotype using
  examples.

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Distinguish between phenotype and genotype using
examples.

• Phenotype observable traits due to gene
  expression
• Genotype the particular form of a gene
  present for a specific trait
• Example Soybeans are green and smooth
  (phenotype). These phenotypes are a result of one
  or more proteins working together from the genes
  (DNA) being expressed (genotype)

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• What does GMO stand for? Explain how Monsantos
  Roundup Ready soybeans are an example of a GMO?

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GMO stand for Monsantos Roundup Ready
soybeans are an example of a GMO

• GMO Genetically Modified Organism
• Monsantos Roundup Ready soybeans are an example
  of a GMO because they have modified and added a
  new gene that is resistant to the Roundup
  Herbicide

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• What is the most challenging part about trying to
  isolate plant DNA or plant proteins from cells?

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The most challenging part about trying to isolate
plant DNA or plant proteins from cells is

• Removing or weakening the sticky cell wall.
• Grate, grind or use liquid nitrogen or dry ice to
  break cell wall.
• Use cellulase or pectinase (enzymes) to further
  remove and degrade cellulose fibers
• (Once removed, then molecular extraction is
  similar to other protocols.)

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• Of what value are plant cell protoplasts?

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Protoplasts are valuable in many ways

• Easy to get DNA into protoplasts for genetic
  engineering purposes (gene gun)
• Easy to burst open to retrieve a cells DNA or
  proteins

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6.5 (6.3 old) Review Questions

• From where do scientists expect that most of the
  remaining naturally occurring biotechnology
  products will come?

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Scientists expect that most of the remaining
naturally occurring biotechnology products will
come from

• The worlds tropical rainforests
• Concerning because they are disappearing at a
  rate of 50 to 100 acres (2 acres 1 city block)
  per minute!

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• How can a technician know if a certain type of
  bacteria is sensitive to an antimicrobial
  substance?

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A technician can know if a certain type of
bacteria is sensitive to an antimicrobial
substance by

• Placing antibiotic-soaked disks placed on an agar
  plate with a lawn of bacteria and looking for a
  zone of inhibition or halo to see if the
  bacteria grows next to the disk.

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• List a few herbal products that claim to have
  therapeutic value against depression.

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A few herbal products that claim to have
therapeutic value against depression

• See p. 180 (2012 edition)
• Examples pantothenic acid (vitamin B5),
  magnesium, St. Johns Wort, vitamin-B complex,
  patchouli

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• How can molecules be extracted from plant samples
  for testing purposes?

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Molecules can be extracted from plant samples for
testing purposes by

• Common method involves extracting soluble
  molecules (chemicals) from plants using solvent
  such as
• Distilled water
• Alcohol
• Acetone