Tissues

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• Tissues

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Introduction

• Cells become specialized to perform specific
  functions
• Tissues are groups of similar cells that
  perform the same function
• Tissues differ from each other in
• 1. size,
• 2. shape
• 3. arrangement,
• 4. function

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4 TISSUE TYPES

• Four primary tissue types
• 1. Epithelial tissue
• 2. Connective tissue
• 3. Muscle tissue
• 4. Nervous tissue

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• Sheets of cells covering body surfaces or lining
  body cavities or structures that secrete
  substances
• Found in
• Epidermis of skin (stratified squamous)
• Lines digestive tract (stomach-rectumsimple
  columnar)
• Walls of blood vessels (alveoli of lungssimple
  sqaumous)
• Inner lining of body cavities/organs/glands
  (sweat gland and kidneyssimple cuboidal)

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Epithelial Structure layers

• a. Simple epithelium
• Single cell layer
• Flat, irregular shape
• b. Stratified Epithelium
• Two or more cell layers
• Common in high-abrasion areas
• e.g., Skin surface, mouth

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Epithelial Structure Cell Shape

• Cell shape
• All epithelia have six sides
• Cells vary in height
• Three common shapes
• Squamous cells
• Cuboidal cells
• Columnar cells
• Shape of nucleus conforms to shape of cell

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Muscle Tissue

• 1. Muscle tissue is contractile tissue
• 2.Provide us with motion, posture and heat
• 3. Muscle cell or fiber is basic unit
• 4. 40-50 of body weight
• 5. 3 Types of muscle
• A. skeletal muscle
• B.cardiac muscle
• C.smooth muscle

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Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• A. Covers skeleton-attached to bone
• B. Visible light and dark banding (looks
  striated) so it is called striated muscle
• C. Voluntary or conscious control
• D.Cells are long cylinders with many nuclei
• E. Muscle fibers contract and relax rapidly when
  stimulated

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Skeletal Muscle

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• 1. Appearance cells are slightly striated
  branched cylinders with one central nuclei, cells
  interlace
• 2. Fx attached to and communicate with each
  other by intercalated discs
• 3. Contracts involuntarily

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Cardiac Muscle

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Smooth Muscle Tissue

• 1. AppearanceSpindle shaped cells with a single
  central nuclei
• 2. Location Walls of hollow organs (blood
  vessels, GI tract, bladder)
• 3. Involuntary and nonstriated

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Smooth Muscle
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Connective Tissue -7 types

• 1. Loose connective tissue
• 2. Elastic connective tissue
• 3. Adipose
• 4. Fibrous
• 5. Cartilage
• 6. Bone
• 7. Blood

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Characteristics of Connective Tissues

• A. Cells far apart with a lot of intercellular
  material
• B. Intercellular material is secreted out to
  produce the Matrix (fibers substances secreted
  by cells
• C. Matrix varies from liquid, gel to solid
• D. Has good nerve blood supply except cartilage
  tendons

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Types of cells in Connective

• 1. Fibroblasts most numerous, star-shaped.
• -Produce collagenous and elastic fibers
  found in matrix.
• 2. Macrophages less numerous
• engulf bacteria debris by phagocytosis
• NO FREE SIDE ON CONNECTIVE IT IS SURROUNDED BY
  OTHER TISSUE OR ORGANS
• NO BASEMENT MEMBRANE (ONLY ON EPITHELIAL)

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Types of Fibers in Connective Tissue

• 1. Collagenous (25 of protein in your body)
• A.tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable
• B. formed from the protein collagen
• C. White in appearance, abundant in tendons
• 2. Elastic (composed of elastin)
• A.Very elastic
• B.Yellowish, called yellow fibrous tissue
• C. Abundant in vocal cords

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1. Loose connective AkA areolar

• Appearance
• 1.bundles of interlacing collagen fibers with
  single interlacing elastin fibers
• 2. Fibroblasts, macrophages,and fat cells
• One of most widely distributed tissues
• Location in body
• Fills spaces between organs and parts of
  organs
• Fx- connects many adjacent structures in
  body-acts like elastic glue/- Packing tissue-
  fills spaces

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Loose Connective Areolar

• STRUCTURE
• Mixed up mess
• Contains bit of everything
• FXN
• Packing material

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2. Elastic/Yellow Elastic Connective
Tissue(Characteristics)

1. Consists mostly of elastic fibers
2. Appear as short, kinky, hair-like threads
3. Few cells present
4. Has yellowish color
5. Can be stretched
6. Found part of arterial walls, lung tissue, and
   air passages

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Elastic Connective Tissue

• Black elastic fibers,
• Pink collagen fibers
• Nuclei are mostly fibroblasts

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Elastic Connective

• Wrinkles

• Loss of elastin over time as you age. Skin
  (epithelial tissue sags over it)

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3. Adipose Tissue (Fat)

• Fat tissue- special type of loose connective in
  which cells are filled with fat
• Widely distributed in body
• Appearance large cells with a single vacuole
  containing a droplet of fat

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Adipose tissue (Fat)

• STRUCTURE
• Flattened nuclei
• Filled with dietary fat
• Location Deeper layer of skin, organ padding,
  yellow marrow
• 3 Fxns Reduces heat loss, energy storage,
  protection of organs

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4. Fibrous (Dense) Connective Tissue tendons,
liagaments, fascia

1. Composed largely of strong collagenous fibers
   (few cells)
2. Arranged in wavy parallel bundles
3. Matrix between bundles contain cells, rows of
   fibroblasts

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Fibrous connective-cont.

• d. Silvery white, strong and tough
• e. Little elasticity (can resist tension in all
  directions)
• f. Sparingly supplied with blood vessels (slow to
  heal)
• fx
• 1. form ligaments(bone to bone) (See knee
  model)
• 2. make up tendons (muscles to bone)
• 3. sheets cover muscles, whites of eyes ,
  dermis of skin

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Tendons
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5. Cartilage

• a. Network of fibers in rubbery ground substance
• b. Flexible but firm. Does not contain minerals
  found in bone
• c. There are 3 types

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Cartilage

• Location of 3 types 1.Elasticribs attach
  sternum,tip of nose/ears
• 2.Fibro between vertebrae
• 3.Hyaline trachea/end of long bones
• STRUCTURE
• chondrocytes scattered in groups throughout
  matrix
• Avascular
• FXProvide flexible support

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Osseous tissue (Bone)

• Good blood supply allows for fast healing from
  breaks/fractures

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7. Blood

• -Serves as a transporting fluid- oxygen,
  nutrients, hormones, wastes
• -Its matrix is called plasma
• - Formed by special tissue in red marrow
• Plasma is composed of
• a. Erythrocytes- red blood cells
• b. Leukocytes- white blood cells
• c.Thrombocytes-cell fragments called platelets

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Blood
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Nervous Tissue-4th type of tissue

• -It is sensitive to changes in surroundings.
• - Basic unit is the Neuron a nucleus with long
  and branching cell processes
• a.dendrite --- carries impulses towards
  the cell body
• b. axon ---- carries impules away from the cell
  body
• Location brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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Nerve Tissue

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Quick Quiz

• 1. Give 2 of the 4 major functions of epithelial
  tissue.
• 2. What is the difference between simple and
  stratified?

• 3. Name 3 types of muscle tissue, give example of
  location for each
• 4. Name two differences that exist between the
  different types of connective tissue

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Quick Quiz

• 5. Name two things that all connective tissues
  have
• 6.Explain how the anatomy of loose connective
  tissue relates to its physiology

• 7. What is the cause of wrinkles besides the sun?
• 8. Why do ACL (sprains/strains) heal slower than
  bone breaks?

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• 9. What is the name for bone cells?
• 10. What is name for cartilage cells?
• 11. How does a neuron work?