Chapters 6

1
Chapters 6 7 Immigration and Industrialization
(1860-1914)
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Immigrants

• Until the 1890s most immigrants came from
  northern and western Europe
• France, Great Britain, Ireland
• After the 1890s most immigrants came from
  southern and eastern Europe these were called
  the new immigrants
• Italy, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia

3
Ellis and Angel Islands

• Ellis Island is off the coast of New York and is
  the immigration checkpoint for most European
  immigrants
• On Ellis Island, immigrants had to pass a
  physical exam then answer questions about
  themselves before they were allowed into the
  United States
• Angel Island is off the coast of California and
  is where most Asian immigrants were held before
  being allowed into the country
• Immigration video clips Arriving and Entering

4
Interpreting Historical Graphs

• Open your book to page 213, let's look at the
  graphs at the top of the page.
• What is the title of the historical charts?
• What do the two pie charts tell you?
• What does the bar graph tell you?
• Answer the skill builder questions in complete
  sentences in your notes.

5
Settling in America

• Most immigrants settled in areas where people
  spoke the same language
• Ethnic neighborhoods like Little Italy and
  Chinatown became common
• Immigrants needed a job immediately so they moved
  to industrial cities like Boston, MA, New York,
  NY, Philadelphia, PA, and Chicago, IL
• Immigrants would help each other find jobs,
  publish newspapers in their own languages, and
  work together to build religious buildings

6
Political Machines

• Immigrants needed to find jobs and looked to
  their local political leader for help
• Political machines began to take over the local
  governments as immigrants would all vote for
  their own ethnic group leader
• Political machine an organization that
  influences votes to control a local gov't
• Why did immigrants join political machines?
• Answer in a complete sentence in your notes.

7
America the Melting Pot

• Different immigrant cultures blending together
  gives the term melting pot to America
• Since no culture ever fully assimilates (or
  blends into American society by learning English
  and practicing American customs) I like to call
  America a salad bowl
• In the salad bowl the different ingredients work
  together to create a unique taste but carrots and
  lettuce never become the same

8
Americans Resist Immigrants

• Even though most immigrants worked very hard to
  assimilate many native-born Americans did not
  like their presence in America
• Competition for jobs, strengthening political
  machines, and religious differences were some of
  the main objections
• Immigrants, because they needed jobs, would often
  work for less money and in worse conditions than
  an American worker would

9
Restrictions on Immigration

• American fears caused Congress to begin passing
  laws that were unfair to immigrants
• Laws that taxed new immigrants and banned
  specific groups from entering the U.S. like
  beggars and those with diseases
• Non-white immigrants (especially Asian) faced
  deeper prejudice than white Europeans
• In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion
  Act which banned Chinese immigration for 10 years

10
Racial Discrimination

• Since Reconstruction ended in 1877, African
  Americans experienced severe racial
  discrimination by whites, so did Native
  Americans, Asians, and Latin Americans
• Voting rights of African Americans were
  restricted with literacy tests and poll taxes
• Jim Crow laws enforced segregation of whites and
  blacks
• Segregation separation of white and black
  people in public places (schools, restrooms)

11
Plessy v. Ferguson

• An African American man named Homer Plessy sued a
  railroad company over the segregated seating,
  arguing it violated his 14th amendment rights
• 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson reached the Supreme
  Court but Plessy was denied
• Separate but equal was ruled acceptable
• Whites and blacks were separate, but their
  facilities were almost never equal

12
African Americans Organize

• Booker T. Washington, once a slave, founded a
  school in Alabama to help African Americans learn
  skills and trades
• Washington tried to gain white support by
  accepting segregation
• W.E.B. Du Bois, a highly educated African
  American opponent of segregation, encouraged
  others to fight against segregation
• Du Bois and others founded the NAACP
• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People

13
Violence Continues

• KKK kept African Americans down, lynched over
  2,500 between 1885 and 1900
• Ida B. Wells, an African American journalist, led
  the anti-lynching campaign
• Many African Americans moved north to escape the
  violence, but it followed them
• Whites lynched two African Americans less than
  two miles from Lincoln's home after they moved
  into the neighborhood in 1908

14
Racism in the West

• Chinese immigrants faced severe discrimination
  such as receiving lower wages than whites for the
  same work
• Many whites even refused to work next to Chinese
  workers
• 1885 whites in Wyoming stormed through Chinatown
  shooting people and burning buildings, 28 were
  killed 15 wounded
• Mexicans and African Americans were forced to
  work off their debts (system called peonage)
• Supreme Court ruled it against the 13th amendment
  similar to slavery

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Think About It...

• Answer these questions in complete sentences in
  your notes.
• What were Jim Crow laws?
• What did Chinese immigrants and Mexican
  immigrants have in common?
• Compare and contrast the reactions of Booker T.
  Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois to discrimination
  and segregation.
• What could have been done to end racial
  discrimination against nonwhites in the U.S. at
  the turn of the century (1890s-1910s)?

16
Discussion!

• You have 3 minutes to turn to your neighbors and
  share your ideas.
• 
  
• You have 30 seconds with your group to compromise
  on an answer for each question.
• 
  
• Be ready to share your group's answers!

17
Ticket Out the Door

• Would you support Booker T. Washington or W.E.B.
  Du Bois and why?
• Hint
• Booker T. Washington supported education but
  ignored segregation
• W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged rebellion but risked
  safety

• Your Name
• I would support _________________
  because___________________________________________
  _

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Industrialization
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Industrial Revolution Continues

• Natural resources coal, iron, copper, silver,
  gold, water, and forests
• Growing population more people need more goods
  (food, housing, supplies)
• Improved transportation steamboats, canals,
  railroads make shipping faster and easier
• High immigration specialized trades and labor
• New inventions machines help produce goods
• Investments/Gov't assistance businesses and
  gov't lending money to help businesses grow

20
Inventions Change Society

• Bessemer steel process makes steel easier and
  cheaper to create (rails for the railroads)
• Electric generator, a machine that creates an
  electric current, was invented
• Thomas Edison invented the commonly used light
  bulb and helped deliver electricity to buildings
  (indoor electric lighting)
• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
• Typewriters, switchboards, and sewing machines
  also transformed society

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Chugga Chugga Choo Choo!

• The transcontinental railroads changed life in
  several ways
• Linked the economies of the West and East
• Helped people settle the West
• Weakened the Native American hold on the West
• Gave control over environment
• Set up standard time
• System that divided the U.S. Into four time
  zones, made traveling and scheduling trains
  easier across the entire country

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Standard Time Zones
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Big Business Grows

• John D. Rockefeller
• Led the oil industry
• Wiped out his competitors and controlled all oil
  companies in the industry horizontal monopoly
• Created a trust to control the price of oil

• Andrew Carnegie
• Led the steel industry
• Wanted to make the best and cheapest steel
• Owned all of the companies involved in making his
  steel vertical monopoly

24
Workers Organize

• Laborers would work long hours in poor conditions
  for 10 week
• Workers began to form labor unions like the
  Knights of Labor, groups that would help each
  other fight for better conditions and more money
• Laborers also started to strike (or refuse to
  work)
• A deadly meeting of union leaders and police
  occurred in 1886 called the Haymarket Affair
• Several were killed and hundreds wounded
• American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed as
  a national organization to help laborers

25
Urbanization

• Factories are set up in cities because of the
  transportation available and workers move to
  cities to work in factories urbanization
• Technology helps cities build skyscrapers (tall
  buildings) with the invention of the elevator and
  the streetcar (electric trains) helps people get
  around the city
• Families often couldn't afford to buy their own
  house and rented a tenement (apartment that is
  run-down) these tenement buildings created
  neighborhoods called slums

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Urban Reformers

• Many wanted to help change the unsafe living
  conditions in the slums social gospel
• Settlement houses were built and offered daycare,
  education, and health care to needy people in the
  slums

Jane Addams' Hull House
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Create a web map of the changes in American
society, 1860-1914
Civil Rights
Immigration
Changes in American Society, 1860-1914
Industrialization
Labor Issues