Nail Diseases

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Nail Diseases DisordersModule 24 08Module
10 12
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Introduction

• Nails are small mirrors of the general health of
  the entire body
• You must be able to recognize conditions you may
  encounter while servicing clients
• Infectious conditions should not be treated by
  salon professionals

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• Normal healthy nail
• Firm
• Flexible
• Shiny
• slightly pink in color
• Some races have more yellow tones

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• Surface should be
• Smooth
• Unspotted
• Without pits
• No splits

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The Nail

• Onyx composed of (protein) Keratin
• Nail Bed portion of the skin on which the nail
  plate rests
• Nail root Matrix where the nail is formed
• Lunula half moon light color is caused by the
  reflection of light where the matrix and
  connective tissue of the nail bed join
• Nail Body Plate rests on and is attached to
  the nail bed

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Nail Malformation

• Matrix if disease, injury or infection occurs,
  the shape or thickness of the nail plate could
  change
• A nail can be replaced as long as the nail matrix
  is in good condition
• Nail replacement - 4 6 months

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Nail Disorders

• A condition caused by injury to the nail or some
  disease or imbalance in the body
• May have to refer client to a physician
• Cosmetically improve certain nail plate
  conditions if the problem/disorder is cosmetic
  and not a medical disorder

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Refer to physician

• It is your professional responsibility and a
  requirement of your license to know which option
  to chose
• Infected
• Inflamed
• Broken
• Swollen
• Did you know? PP 207

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Bruised Nails

• Blood clot formed under the nail plate (body)
  forming a dark purplish spot
• Cause injury to nail bed
• Treatment gently and avoid pressure
• Prognosis grow out

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Blue Nails

• Discolored nails
• Cause
• poor blood circulation
• Heart disorder
• Oral medications
• Treatment regular manicures with polish, tips or
  wraps
• Prognosis until cause is corrected

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Ridges

• Running vertically down length of natural nail
  plate
• Caused
• uneven growth of nails
• Usually result of age

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• Treatment carefully buff nail plate to minimize
  appearance of ridges
• Ridge filler is less damaging - used with colored
  polish
• Prognosis regular manicures to keep ridges to a
  minimum

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Corrugations (Seleronychia)

• Wavy ridges
• Cause uneven growth usually from injury or
  illness
• Treatment Carefully buff
• Prognosis until it grows out and illness or
  injury is healed with no damage to the matrix

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Eggshell Nail

• Noticeably thin, white nail plate (body)
• More flexible than normal
• Normally weaker curve over free edge
• Nail plate (body) separates from the nail bed and
  curves at the free edge
• Cause improper diet
• Hereditary factors
• Internal disease
• Medication
• Nervous disorder

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• Treatment use fine side of file do not use
  pressure
• Fragile and can break easily
• Do not use heavy pressure pusher at the base of
  the nail plate
• Nail is thinnest here and most likely to be
  punctured
• Prognosis grow out after cause has been
  corrected

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Furrows (Depressions)

• Lengthwise or across the nail
• Cause injury near or at the nail matrix
• pregnancy
• Stress
• Lengthwise
• psoriasis
• Poor circulation
• frostbite

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• Treatment Avoid use of metal implements
• Prognosis grow out if cause can be removed

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Beaus Lines

• Visible depressions running across the width of
  the natural nail plate
• Cause
• Major illness or injury that has traumatized the
  body
• Pneumonia
• Adverse drug reaction
• Surgery

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• Heart failure
• Massive injury
• High fever
• Matrix slows down producing nail cells for an
  extended period of time (week month)
• Treatment
• Avoid use of metal implements
• Carefully buff

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• Prognosis nail plate thickness usually returns
  to normal after the illness or condition is
  resolved

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Hangnail (Agnail)

• Cuticle split around nail leaves a piece
  (fringe) of skin
• Cause dryness
• cutting too much cuticle
• Carelessly removing cuticle tissue

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• Treatment hot oil manicures
• NEVER cut the living skin around the natural
  nail plate
• IT IS AGAINST STATE REGULATORY AGENCY REGULATIONS
  
• Can lead to serious infections for which you and
  the salon may be legally liable

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• Prognosis heals when treated (if not infection
  may set it)
• Symptoms of infection
• Redness
• Pain
• Swelling
• Pus
• Refer to a physician

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Leukonychia

• White spots
• Cause injury to base of nail
• Minor damage to Matrix
• Myths
• Vitamin or mineral deficiency
• Calcium or zinc deficiency
• Treatment polish
• Prognosis disappear as nail grows out

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Melanonychia

• Darkening of nail plate (body)
• Black band under or within nail plate extending
  from the base to the free edge
• Cause localized area of increased pigment cells
• Fairly common occurrence
• Considered normal in African Americans
• Could be indicative of a disease or condition in
  Caucasians

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• Treatment polish
• Prognosis grows out

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Onychatrophia

• Atrophy or wasting away of the nail
• Cause injury or disease
• Treatment
• file smooth with fine file
• DO NOT USE METAL PUSHER!
• Prognosis depends on how badly injured or if
  disease is curable

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Onychauxis

• Hypertophy overgrowth of the nail in thickness
• Cause
• local infection
• Internal imbalance
• hereditary
• Treatment
• if infected - DO NOT TREAT!
• If no infection - file smooth and buff
• Prognosis depends on cause, and how long it has
  been left untreated

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Discolored Nails

• Nails that turn a variety of colors
• Surface staining
• Systemic disorder
• Poor blood circulation

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• Cause
• Surface stains from nail polish
• Foods
• Dyes
• smoking
• Internal discoloration due to
• Biological
• Medical
• pharmaceuticals

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• Treatment
• Colored polish
• Prognosis depends on cause

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Onychophagy

• Bitten nails
• Cause
• Chew the nail or hardened damaged skin
  surrounding the nail plate
• habit
• stress
• nervous

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• Treatment
• Enhancements
• Frequent manicures
• Care of hardened eponychium
• Improving health and appearance of hands
• Prognosis good if habit stops

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Onychorrhexis

• Abnormal brittleness or splits with striation
  (lengthwise lines) of the nail plate appearing
  rough
• Cause
• Injury to Matrix
• excessive use of cuticle solvents/polish removers
• Aggressive/careless filing
• vitamin deficiencies
• illness
• frequent exposure to strong soaps, harsh cleaners
• Hereditary causes

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• Treatment
• Can only be treated if nail is not split and
  exposing the nail bed
• oil manicures
• Prognosis good over time with treatment

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Plicatured Nail

• Folded nail 90 degrees or more down into tissue
• Highly curved nail plate
• Cause
• Injury that deforms the matrix
• May be inherited
• Leads to ingrown nails

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• Treatment careful filing or physician
• Prognosis possibly need to see a Podiatrist

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Nail Pterygium

• Abnormal condition that occurs when skin is
  stretched by the nail plate
• Forward growth of the Eponychium
• Cause
• Improper cuticle care
• Serious injury burns
• Adverse skin reaction to chemical products

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• Treatment
• DO NOT USE METAL IMPLEMENTS!
• Gentle massage of cuticle creams/oils
• Hot oil manicures may be helpful
• Prognosis usually not reversible

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• If irritated, painful or shows signs of
  infection refer to a physician
• Note - Pterygium is not normal denotes damage
  to the eponychium or hyponychium

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Splinter Hemorrhages

• Appearance of a small splinter under the nail
  plate
• Positioned lengthwise in the direction of growth
• Cause physical trauma or injury to the nail bed
  that damages capillaries and allows blood flow
• Treatment colored polish
• Prognosis grows out as nail grows

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Increased Curvature Nails

• The greater the curvature of the Matrix the
  greater the curvature of the free edge
• Range
• Mild
• Severe pinching of the soft tissue at the free
  edge

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Tile Shaped Nails

• Increased crosswise curvature throughout the nail
  plate
• Cause increased curvature of the matrix
• Treatment none
• Prognosis irreversible

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Trumpet or Pincer Nail

• Edges of the nail plate curl around to form the
  shape of a trumpet or cone at the free edge
• Cause Nail bed becomes constricted and may be
  painful
• Treatment carefully trim the margins of the nail
  plate and file
• Extreme or unusual cases - refer to
  physician/podiatrist
• Prognosis none

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Nevus

• Black or brown stain
• Cause birthmark/heredity
• Treatment polish
• Prognosis none

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Nail Fungus

• Fungi parasites
• May cause infections of the feet and hands
• Severe case cheesy, sticky residue progresses to
  a dry and crusty texture
• Contagious
• Transmitted
• Unsanitary implements
• Work conditions

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• Fungi infections grow
• Skin is warm
• Moist
• Dark
• (feet/shoes)
• Possible to transmit fungal infections form one
  client to another!!!!!!!!!

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• Proper sanitation and disinfection practices
  transmission can be avoided
• Clients with suspected fungi infections should be
  referred to a physician

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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

• Discolorations between nail plate and artificial
  enhancements
• Naturally occurring skin bacteria can grow out of
  control cause an infections if conditions are
  correct for growth
• Cause
• Contaminated implements (with large numbers of
  bacteria)
• Large numbers of bacteria or fungal organisms on
  a surface

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• NOT result of moisture trapped between natural
  nail plate and enhancement
• Water does NOT cause
• Treatment
• Remove enhancements physician
• Proper cleaning of nail plate
• Proper sanitation
• Proper disinfection of implements
• Refer to a physician
• Prognosis nail could fall off

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• Bacterial infection
• Early stage yellow-green spot
• Advanced stage darker to brown/black
• Soften and smell bad
• Plate becomes sensitive to touch
• (goes from yellow green brown black)
• Caution box page 649/210
• Table 24-1 page 648/Table 10 page 211

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Nail Diseases

• Persons occupation can cause a variety of nail
  infections
• Natural oils are removed by frequent exposure to
• Soaps
• Solvents
• Many other substances

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• Products should always be used according to mfg.
  directions
• If the mfg. recommends to wear gloves DO SO TO
  PROTECT YOUR SKIN!!!!!!!

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Onychosis

• Any deformity or disease of the natural nail

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Onychia

• Inflammation of the nail matrix followed by
  shedding of the nail plate
• Cause improperly cleaned and disinfected
  implements
• Treatment avoid pressure
• Prognosis grows out as infection is removed

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Onychocryptosis

• Ingrown nail
• Cause
• poor fitting shoes
• Improper filing/cutting nails

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• Treatment
• In no infection present carefully trim corner
  of nail in a curved shape to relieve pressure
• If infection is present refer to a
  physician/podiatrist
• Prognosis grows out when cause is corrected

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Onycholysis

• Lifting of the nail plate from the bed without
  shedding
• Cause
• Physical injury
• Trauma
• Allergic reaction of the nail bed
• Health disorder
• Aggressive filing natural nail
• Improper removal of enhancements

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• Improperly fitted shoes
• Treatment
• No infection or open sores basic manicure or
  pedicure
• Cut free edge short
• Infection present refer to physician/podiatrist
• Prognosis grows out as trauma is removed

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Onychomadesis

• Separation and falling off of nail plate
• Cause
• localized infection
• Injuries to matrix
• Severe systemic illness

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• Treatment
• Do not apply nail enhancements
• No infection or open sores basic
  manicures/pedicures
• Prognosis once problem is solved nail grows
  out

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Nail Psoriasis

• Non infectious condition that affects the surface
  of the nail plate causing tiny pits or severe
  roughness on the surface
• May develop yellowish to reddish spots under nail
  plate salmon patches
• Cause birthmark/heredity

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• Treatment polish if no infection present
• Prognosis refer to a physician

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Paronychia

• Bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding
  the nail
• Redness, pus, selling around nail plate
• Cause
• Hands in water all the time
• Dry chapped hands from exposure to water,
  detergents, harsh soaps
• Toenails warm moist, environments

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• Treatment refer to physician
• client can do at home
• moisturizing hand lotions
• Keep feet clean and dry
• Prognosis

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Pyogenic Granuloma

• Severe inflammation of the nail with a lump red
  tissue grows from the nail bed to the nail plate
• Cause
• Treatment refer to physician
• Prognosis none

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Tinea Pedis

• Fungal infection of the feet (athletes feet)
  ring worm of the feet
• Red itchy rash in spaces between the toes
• Small degree of scaling of skin
• Cause

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• Treatment refer to physician
• Client keep feet dry and clean daily
• Wear cotton socks
• Change shoes daily
• Over-the-counter antifungal powders
• Prognosis grows out when infection is gone

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Onychomychosis

• Fungal infection of the natural nail plate
  ringworm of the nails
• Whitish patches
• Long whitish or pale yellowish streaks within the
  nail plate
• Free edge of the nail to crumble
• Cause

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• Treatment none
• Prognosis refer to physician

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