Time Use Survey in Tanzania: Gender

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Time Use Survey in Tanzania Gender

• Sylvia Meku
• National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
• United Nations Workshop on Integrating A Gender
  Perspective into Statistics
• Kampala, Uganda, 4 7 December, 2012

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Population Overview

• Population censuses in Tanzania dates back to
  1910 The first scientific census took place in
  1958
• Four censuses have been conducted since
  independence in 1961, (1967, 1978, 1988 and
  2002)
• The fifth post independence census was conducted
  in August, 2012.

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Population 1967 - 2012
Population in Millions
Year
Source 2010 TDHS Survey
4
Rural-Urban Distribution of Population, by
Residence 1967, 1978, 1988 and 2002
Percent
Year
Source 2010 TDHS Survey
5
Womens and Mens Employment
Percent of currently married women and men 15-49
employed at the time of the survey
Age
Source 2010 TDHS Survey
6
Type of Payment
Percent distribution of payment type among
currently married employed women and men age 15-49
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TIME USE SURVEY
8
Points

1. Background
2. Classifications
3. Sample design Mode of administration
4. Findings Tables and charts
5. Observations on TUS
6. Disseminations
7. Methodological Issues Recommendations
8. Conclusion References

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I. Background

• TUS survey in Tanzania date back in 2006
• The study was advocated by Tanzania Gender
  Networking Programme and supported by Poverty
  Eradication Division of the Vice Presidents
  Office
• TUS was included as a module in the 2006
  Integrated Labour Force Survey (ILFS)

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I. Background

• The 2006 TUS data provided comprehensive data of
  individuals on how they spent time in different
  activities
• SNA activities
• Extended SNA activities
• Non-work activities
• The 2006 TUS shows that the burden of un-paid
  work in Tanzania is large and mostly borne by
  women (Table 2)

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II. Activities Classification

• Activities were classified into
• SNA activities
• Employment and production for establishments
• Primary production not for establishments
• Services for income and other production not for
  establishments
• Extended SNA activities
• Household maintenance and management
• Care of children, sick, elderly disabled in
  household
• Community services and help to others

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II. Activities Classification

• Non-Work activities
• Learning
• Social and cultural activities
• Mass media use
• Personal care and maintenance

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III. Sample Design Mode of Administration

• Household individuals age 5 years and above
• Reference period last day/seven days
• An area frame
• 244 EAs/blocks sample
• More than 3000 households
• 10,553 individual interviews
• Domain estimates 5 Rural/Urban/Males/Females/Nati
  onal
• Mode of administration face-to-face interviews
  using paper and pencil

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IV. FINDINGS
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Chart 1 Female and male Shares in Total Time
Inputs to SNA and Non-SNA
Women contribute a larger share of total work
time than men (57)
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Chart 2 Urban and Rural Shares in Total Time
Inputs to SNA and Non-SNA
Rural population contribute more to Non-SNA
SNA than Urban population
Source 2006 ILFS Report
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Table 1 Average time spent on activities in a
day, by sex and main activity type
S/No. Activity Type Mean Minutes per Day Mean Minutes per Day Mean Minutes per Day Percent of Day Percent of Day Percent of Day
S/No. Activity Type All Female Male All Female Male
1 Employment for establishments 61.0 34.7 89.7 4.2 2.4 6.2
2 Primary production activities not for establishments 171.3 163.0 180.2 11.9 11.3 12.5
3 Services for income and other production of goods not for establishments 6.3 6.9 5.7 0.4 0.5 0.4
4 Household maintenance, management and shopping for own household 113.3 169.8 51.8 7.9 11.8 3.6
5 Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household 23.9 35.4 11.5 1.7 2.5 0.8
6 Community services and help to other households 8.0 7.2 8.9 0.6 0.5 0.6
7 Learning 80.8 75.1 86.9 5.6 5.2 6.0
8 Social and cultural 111.4 94.6 129.7 7.7 6.6 9.0
9 Mass media use 12.5 7.7 17.8 0.9 0.5 1.2
10 Personal care and self maintenance 851.5 845.6 857.8 59.1 58.7 59.6
  Total 1,440.0 1,440.0 1,440.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
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Table 2 Percent of Time Spent per day by Major
Category
Activity Type 5 - 9 5 - 9 10 - 14 10 - 14 15 -24 15 -24 25 - 34 25 - 34 35 - 64 35 - 64 65 Years 65 Years
Activity Type Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male
Employment for establishments 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 4.7 2.2 13.6 4.4 10.6 4.0 2.5 0.8
Primary production ativities not for establishments 6.3 4.6 10.0 7.6 14.1 12.2 14.2 13.6 15.3 15.1 12.1 10.1
Services for income and other production of goods not for establishments - - - 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.3
Household maintanance, management and shopping for own household 2.8 4.1 3.8 8.0 4.1 14.6 3.7 15.8 3.5 13.6 3.7 9.5
Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household 1.0 1.9 0.5 0.9 0.5 3.1 1.0 4.1 1.0 2.3 0.7 1.3
Community services and help to other households 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6
Learning 8.5 9.6 17.7 17.8 9.0 5.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2
Social and cultural 17.3 16.1 8.6 7.0 7.8 4.5 7.1 4.2 7.3 4.8 6.5 5.1
Mass media use 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.4 1.6 0.7 1.5 0.6 1.5 0.5 0.9 0.2
Personal care and self maintanance 63.0 62.9 57.7 57.5 57.2 56.8 57.0 55.7 59.4 58.2 71.9 71.8
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
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Pattern of Time Use

• Water Key input into cooking, cleaning, nursing
  and other domestic activities carried out mostly
  by women as part of their caring
  responsibilities.
• Women are more involved in water collection and
  spend more time on this task than men do
• about 76 per cent of all adult women collect
  water, compared with only 33 per cent of men.
• The average time spent by women in this activity
  is about 30 minutes compared with 20 minutes for
  men.

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Pattern of Time Use

• Rural women are more likely to collect water (80
  per cent) than urban women (65 per cent)
• The average time spent by rural women is slightly
  longer (31 minutes) than the time spent by urban
  women (27 minutes) whereas men devote to the task
  the same time on average on a daily basis,
  regardless of where they live.

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• Participation rate, mean time among participants
  and mean time among population by sex for adults
  H2O

• Participation rate, mean time among participants
  and mean time among population by sex and
  Location H2O

All Female Male
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Participation Rate 55.4 75.6 32.9
Absolute minutes per day Absolute minutes per day Absolute minutes per day Absolute minutes per day
Mean among participants 27.2 30.1 19.6
Mean among population 15.1 22.8 6.5
Adult Females Adult Females Adult Males Adult Males
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent
Participation Rate 79.6 65.4 34.1 29.7
Absolute minutes per day Absolute minutes per day Absolute minutes per day Absolute minutes per day Absolute minutes per day
Mean among participants 31.2 26.7 19.7 19.3
Mean among population 24.8 17.5 6.7 5.7
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Overburden (H20 Collection)
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..Overburden H2O

• Overburdened adult 15 population by Residence
  and Sex

• Overburdened adult 15 population by Income Level
  and Sex

Residence Above Average Above Average Above Average
Residence Female Adults Male Adults Total
Urban 17.0 4.1 21.1
Rural 67.7 11.2 78.9
Total 84.7 15.3 100.0
Household Income Above Average Above Average Above Average
Household Income Female Adults Male Adults Total
lt50,000 51.2 8.9 60.0
50,000 99,000 22.2 4.4 26.6
100,000 11.2 2.1 13.4
Total 84.6 15.4 100
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.Overburden
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.Overburden Fuel wood collection
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V. Observation on TUS Results

• Burden of unpaid work large mostly borne by
  women
• Overburden Location, sex and income levels
  matter
• Gender bias in most unpaid work
• Children involvement in unpaid work potential
  ve impact for their future
• Time spent to collect firewood affects mostly
  rural residence than urban residence (a call for
  an alternative source)
• Water collection simultaneously burden
  households regardless of area of residence

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VI. Disseminations

1. Publications
2. Website
3. CDs
4. Media TVs, News papers, radio, commedy
5. Press conferences
6. Key stakeholders
7. Media interviews
8. During Launching workshops of the survey results
9. Professional and government holidays (may Day,
   Stats days)
10. Databases (TNADA, GDDS, CoutryStat, TSED, TISD)

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VII. Methodological issues recommendations

• Definition of terms Sex and Gender
• Independent TUS (not a module) with a large
  sample to be able to generate reliable outcome
  for other indicators
• Standard statistical methodology international
  comparability and GDP improvement

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VII. Methodological recommendations

• Vignette can be used to gather useful
  information before conducting TUS/Gender
• Gender mainstreaming in all surveys at designing
  level (Issues, users need, data source,
  indicators, sampling, measurement and inference

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VIII. Conclusion

• TUS helped to measure work undertaken by women
  which goes usually undercounted in all other
  surveys.
• TUS as an add-on module of the ILFS draw links
  between gendered patterns of time use and other
  socio-economic characteristics contained in other
  parts of the ILFS
• Data gap since 2006 the trend now might have a
  different story to tell users
• A smaller sample for 2006 compared to individual
  population 5years old Detailed disaggregation's
  could not generate reliable results (Budlender,
  2008).
• Regular TUS to track changes for trend analysis
• Current a plant to conduct new ILFS Module of
  TUS???

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IX. References

• Budlender, D. 2008, The Political and Social
  Economy of Care Tanzania Research Report 2'.
  Geneva The United Nations Research Institute for
  Social Development
• Marzia F. and Luisa N. (2008). Gendered Patterns
  of Time Use in Tanzania Public Investment in
  Infrastructure Can Help
• Schneider, (1981). Methodological problems in
  victim surveys and their implications for
  research in victimology.
• Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (2006).
  Integrated Labour Force Survey.
• Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (1941 -
  2002). Population and Housing Censuses

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Questions