CSC 2260 Operating Systems and Networks

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CSC 2260Operating Systems and Networks

• Chapter 1
• Fall 2008
• Dr. Chuck Lillie

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(No Transcript)
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Course Overview

• Course Information
• www.uncp.edu/home/lilliec/
• Syllabus
• Assignments
• Homework
• Exams
• Attendance Policy
• Textbook
• Survey of Operating Systems 2nd Addition, Charles
  Holcombe and Jane Holcombe, McGraw-Hill, 2006

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Course Outline

• History of Operating Systems
• Disk Operating Systems
• Common Operating Systems
• Windows NT
• Windows 2000
• Windows XP
• Linux
• Macintosh

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Course Outline

• Operating System Security
• Networks
• Server Side
• Client Side
• Main Frame Operating Systems

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Introduction to Operating Systems
Chapter
1

• An Overview of Microcomputers
• Whats Contained in and Attached to a
  Microcomputer?
• Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
  Operating Systems
• Yesterdays Operating Systems
• Desktop OSs Available Today

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Learning Objectives

• Describe the microcomputers in use today
• Identify common computer hardware components
• Describe the purpose and functions of
  microcomputer operating systems
• Describe major events in the evolution of
  microcomputer operating systems
• List and compare the common microcomputer
  operating systems

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An Overview of Microcomputers

• What is a Microcomputer?
• A computer built around a microprocessor
• Microprocessor performs calculations or
  processing
• A personal computer (PC) is a microcomputer that
  complies with hardware standards set and
  supported by Microsoft and Intel

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An Overview of Microcomputers

• What Types of Microcomputers Are Used Today?
• Desktops and laptops
• Servers provide services to other computers
• Handheld devices designed for a specific purpose

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor
• Also known as the CPU or processor
• Central component of a microcomputer
• Performs calculations
• One or more per microcomputer

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued)
• Since the 386DX, Intel Microprocessors support
  three modes
• Real mode
• 286 protected mode
• 386 protected mode

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued)
• Real mode
• Intel processors power up in this mode
• Total address space 1MB
• 640KB limit for OS and application
• Single-tasking

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued)
• 286 protected mode
• Total address space 16 MB
• Can multitask certain applications
• Does not support virtual machines

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued)
• 386 protected mode
• Total address space 4GB
• Supports the use of virtual machines
• Multitasking

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued)
• Processors can work with 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit,
  and 64-bit chunks of data
• The number of bits (binary digits) is the size
  of data that can be processed at one time

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Motherboard and Chipset
• Motherboard central circuit board
• Contains one or more CPU slots or sockets into
  which the processor is plugged
• Chipset, memory slots, voltage regulator module
  (VRM), ROM BIOS, and the expansion bus slots are
  components of a motherboard
• Chipset controls the flow of signals to and from
  the processor and other components

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Memory
• Chips that store programs and data
• Random-access memory (RAM)
• Read-only memory (ROM)

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Memory (continued)
• RAM
• System, main, or physical memory
• Used by active programs
• One or more circuit cards with memory chips
• Volatile all is lost when the computer is
  powered off

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Memory (continued)
• ROM BIOS
• Stores programs permanently
• Called firmware since it is non-volatile
• ROM BIOS contains
• Code for starting the computer
• Code for controlling communications between the
  processor and other components
• A setup program for configuring system options
• Configuration information stored in a special
  kind of non-volatile RAM called the CMOS RAM

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• ROM BIOS configuration information
• Disk drive types and capacity
• Disk boot order
• System memory
• Connectors (ports)
• Power management
• Other information determined bymotherboard and
  ROM BIOS manufacturers

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Video Adapter and Display
• Video adapter circuitry that sends the
  controlling output signals to the display screen
• Display screen a monitor or a flat panel
  display (FPD) for visual output from the computer

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Keyboard
• An input device with a typewriter style layout
  of alphanumeric and punctuation keys
• Includes additional function, control, arrow,
  and editing keys

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Pointing Device
• Required to move a graphical pointer (cursor)
  around in a GUI
• Mouse is the most common pointing device
  connects via a physical cable or a wireless
  connection.
• Other pointing devices touch pad, track ball,
  joystick, and light pen

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Disk Drives
• Store data and programs
• Encoded on surface of small spinning platters
• Magnetic or optical technology
• Floppy drives and hard disk drives use magnetic
  technology
• Compact disk (CD) and digital versatile disk
  (DVD) drives use optical technologies

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Whats Contained in and Attached to a
Microcomputer?

• Peripheral Devices
• Broad term for nonessential add-on devices
• Includes printers, scanners, pointing devices,
  digital cameras, external modems, and disk
  drives

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• What is an Operating System?
• An Operating System is
• The central control program for a computer
• The intermediary between applications hardware

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• Operating System Functions
• User interface
• Job management
• Task management
• Memory Management
• File management
• Device management
• Security

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• User Interface
• AKA the shell
• A software layer for user interaction
• Includes the command processor
• Includes the visual components of the OS
• Character-based command line
• GUI

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• Job management
• Controls the order and time in which programs
  are run
• Task management
• Found in multitasking operating systems
• Controls the focus
• Allows user to switch between tasks

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• Memory Management
• Manages placement of programs and data in memory
• Virtual memory manager moves code and data to
  virtual memory (file on hard drive)

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• File Management
• AKA data management
• Allows the OS to read, write, and modify data
• Data is organized into files
• Allows users to organize their files into
  containers called folders or directories

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• Device Management
• Controls hardware through device drivers
• A device driver is unique to a device
• Created by the manufacturer of the device to
  work with a specific operating system

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• Security
• Provides password-protected authentication of
  the user before allowing access
• Checks user name and password
• Restricts the actions that can be performed on a
  computer, customized for each user

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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer
Operating Systems

• Categories of Operating Systems
• Single-User/Single-tasking
• Single-User/Multitasking
• Multi-User/Multitasking
• Real-Time

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Yesterdays Operating Systems

• First the machines
• Charles Babbage designed the first computer in
  the 1820s
• Apple II was the first microcomputer to combine
  critical elements like keyboard, monitor,
  operating system, and desirable and useful
  applications

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Yesterdays Operating Systems

• Then the Operating Systems
• Early single-purpose computers included system
  functions
• OSs did not exist as separate entity
• OSs evolved from need for multipurpose computers

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Yesterdays Operating Systems

• DOS, CP/M, Apple, and the Killer App
• To be widely accepted a computer needed a
  killer app
• VisiCalc was the killer app of 1970s
  micro-computers
• VisiCalc ran under the CP/M OS
• VisiCalc contributed to the success of the Apple
  II
• Both PC DOS and a version of CP/M were available
  for the IBM PC

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Yesterdays Operating Systems

• The Second Wave (second killer app)
• Lotus 1-2-3 a DOS spreadsheet application that
  is fast and provides added functionalities
• Lotus 1-2-3 became the killer app for the
  IBM-PC/PC DOS combination.

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Yesterdays Operating Systems

• OS/2 (Operating System/2)
• Version 1.0 introduced in 1987
• Developed by Microsoft and IBM
• 1.0 had costly memory and disk requirements
• IBM introduced OS/2 Warp in 1990s
• IBM has ended development of new versions

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Yesterdays Operating Systems

• Microsoft Windows
• 1985 first version GUI on top of DOS
• Windows 3.0, introduced in 1990, provided better
  support for legacy DOS applications
• Windows 3.x works in real mode, standard mode,
  and 386 enhanced mode
• 1992 Windows 3.1 successful with MS Office

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Yesterdays Operating Systems

• Windows for Workgroups
• DOS and earlier versions of Windows had no
  networking
• Windows for Workgroups 3.1 and 3.11 enabled
  peer-to-peer networking

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• DOS from Microsoft
• Windows NT
• Windows 98
• Windows ME

• Windows 2000
• Windows XP
• Macintosh OSs
• UNIX
• Linux

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• DOS from Microsoft
• DOS provides support for interaction with disk
  drives
• Microsofts first version of DOS, called PC DOS
• Introduced with the first IBM-PC in 1981
• Each major version of DOS supported new disk
  capacities
• DOS has a text-mode command line interface

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows NT
• First Microsoft OS to take full advantage of the
  capabilities of the Intels 386 protected mode
• Two main versions of NT one for servers and
  another for desktop computers
• Windows NT 4.0, introduced in 1996, has a GUI
  similar to Windows 95

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows 98
• An evolutionary development compared to the
  earlier Windows operating system in terms of GUI
  and integrated components
• New options for customizing the GUI, including
  tighter integration with Microsofts Web
  browser, Internet Explorer (IE)

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows 98 (continued)
• Comes with drivers and support for devices like
  DVD drives
• It was the choice for PCs with plug and play
  (PnP) hardware, not supported by Windows NT

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows Me
• Introduced in 2000 as an upgrade to Windows 98
• Improved music, video, and home networking
  support
• Provides utilities as well as applications for
  dealing with PC software configuration, digital
  music, and video

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows 2000
• Family of OS products, introduced in 2000
• Combines the best of Windows 98 and Windows NT
• Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 Server,
  Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000
  Enterprise Edition

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows XP
• Several products, but no server version
• Most common are Windows XP Home Edition and
  Windows XP Professional
• Improved GUI as well as several network- and
  security-related features
• Default desktop only contains the Recycle Bin

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Macintosh Operating Systems
• Only run on Apple Macintosh computers
• Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X common today

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Macintosh Operating Systems (continued)
• Macintosh hardware and software are proprietary
  products of Apple Computer Company
• Macintosh computers generally use the PowerPC
  chip with an architecture that is enhanced for
  graphics and multimedia

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• UNIX
• Introduced by Bell Labs Computing Science
  Research Center (Bell Labs) as UNIX Version 6
  in 1975
• A portable operating system for mini-computers
  and mainframe computers
• Supports timesharing and multi-user systems
• An excellent server operating system as it
  utilizes resources carefully, allowing only the
  required services to be loaded

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• UNIX (continued)
• The current commercial versions of UNIX include
  Sun Microsystems Solaris, Hewlett-Packards
  HP-UX, IBMs AIX, and Compaqs Tru64 UNIX
• Many open source versions of UNIX are also
  available, which can be changed according to
  requirements

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Linux
• Modeled on UNIX
• Named for original developer, Linus Benedict
  Torvalds
• Begun in 1991 by Torvalds and others as
  open-source for modern computers.
• Written in the C language using GNU C Compiler
  (GCC)

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Desktop OSs Available Today

• Linux (continued)
• Distributed free
• Vendors sell bundles with extras (utilities,
  GUIs, manuals)
• Novell, Red Hat, and others distribute such
  bundles
• Fastest-growing computer server OS
• Making inroads on desktop computers

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Chapter Summary

• Microcomputers Today
• A computer consists of hardware, applications
  software, and operating system software
• The operating system allows the user to interact
  with the computer hardware

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Chapter Summary

• Common Microcomputer Hardware
• The basic components of a microcomputer are
  processor, motherboard, memory, video adapter
  and display, keyboard, pointing device, disk
  drives, and peripheral devices
• You can identify hardware components by a visual
  inspection, by observing information displayed
  during the boot up process, and by accessing a
  ROM BIOS setup program

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Chapter Summary

• Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating
  systems
• Certain functions are provided by most, if not
  all, current operating systems. These functions
  include a user interface, job management, task
  management, memory management, file manage-ment,
  device management, and security.
• The operating system makes everything work
  together

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Chapter Summary

• Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating
  systems
• You can identify most of the functions provided
  by your operating system by careful observation.
  For instance, evidence of support of the
  security function includes a required logon
  procedure when you start your computer, and the
  need for authorization to access resources on
  your local computer.

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Chapter Summary

• Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating
  systems
• There are four categories of operating systems
• Single-User/single-tasking
• Single-User/multitasking
• Multi-User/multitasking
• Real-Time
• A Single-User/single-tasking operating system is
  one that allows only a single user to perform a
  single task at a time

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Chapter Summary

• Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating
  systems
• An operating system that allows a single user to
  perform two or more functions at once is a
  Single-User/multitasking operating system
• A Multi-User/multitasking operating system is an
  operating system that allows multiple users to
  run programs simultaneously on a single network
  server, called a terminal server

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Chapter Summary

• Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating
  systems
• Real-time operating systems are defined by their
  speed and ability to work with special real-time
  applications programs. A Real-time operating
  system is a very fast, relatively small OS that
  is often embedded, meaning it is built into the
  circuitry of a device and not normally loaded
  from a disk drive

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Chapter Summary

• Major Events in the Evolution of Microcomputer
  Operating Systems
• The history of current microcomputers and their
  OSs involved many technical advances and the
  imagination of a multitude of innovative people
• You can find many accounts of the history of
  computers and operating systems by searching the
  Internet

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Chapter Summary

• What OSs Are Available Today?
• The microcomputer operating systems common today
  include MS-DOS, several versions of Windows
  (Windows 98, Windows 2000, and Windows XP), Mac
  OS 9, Mac OS X, and several versions of UNIX and
  Linux
• Each of todays common operating systems is best
  suited for certain uses

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Chapter Summary

• What OSs Are Available Today?
• Microsoft desktop OSs are common in the business
  environment
• Both UNIX and Linux can be found on high-end
  servers and on desktop computers. The use of
  Linux is growing on all types of systems
• The Mac OSs are commonly used in education and
  in graphic workstations