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Title: U.S. History


1
U.S. History
  • The Civil Rights Movement

2
Who
  • The Civil Rights Movement was led by African
    Americans.
  • The movement enlisted the support of people from
    all walks of life.

3
What
  • The Civil Rights Movement was a political
    movement during the 1950s and 1960s,
  • devoted to securing equal opportunity and
    treatment for members of minority groups.

4
When
  • In the mid-20th century.
  • It began right after World War II.

5
Where
  • The Civil Rights Movement was centered in the
    South.
  • Southern states never accepted the Reconstruction
    Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

6
Why
  • A belief in the superiority of and inferiority of
    races

7
How
  • It was a reform movement.
  • It was a movement for peaceful change.
  • Its participants used civil disobedience - that
    is, they broke the law in a peaceful, nonviolent
    way.
  • It was a movement to make the U.S. more
    democratic - in politics, in economics, and in
    social life.
  • It was a long and difficult process to achieve
    change for people long deprived of political and
    economic power.
  • It involved overturning the entrenched interests
    who were hostile to change that would reduce
    their power and privilege

8
The Premise
  • The Civil Rights Movement was the culmination of
    a long struggle with deep roots.
  • It was a struggle to achieve equality expressed
    in the Declaration of Independence (1776)
  • and to gain the guarantees of the Constitution
    and Bill of Rights (1789).

9
The Civil Rights Movement
  • Where did it begin?

10
The Dred Scott Case Origins
  • Slave whose master had moved him to free
    territory for several years
  • Sued for his freedom
  • Lost in state and federal courts
  • Case appealed to U.S. Supreme Court in 1857

11
The Dred Scott Case Decision
  • Majority opinion written by Chief Justice Taney
  • Ruled that a slave wasnt a citizen and couldnt
    sue in court
  • Also ruled the Missouri Compromise
    unconstitutional

12
The Emancipation Proclamation
  • Announced by Lincoln in 1862 after the Battle of
    Antietam
  • Freed slaves only in territories in rebellion,
    not border states
  • Signed on January 1, 1863
  • Essentially unenforceable

13
The Civil War Amendments
  • 13th Amendment abolished slavery
  • 14th Amendment granted ex-slaves citizenship
    guaranteed equal protection, due process
  • 15th Amendment gave African American men the
    right to vote
  • Supreme Court ruled these only applied to the
    federal government

14
Civil Disobedience
  • definition
  • refusal to obey a law that is considered
  • unjust by using nonviolent techniques such
  • as boycotting, picketing, and sit-ins,
  • especially for the purpose of bringing about
  • change to said unjust law

15
An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts
on a minority that is not binding on itself. This
is difference made legal.
16
On the other hand a just law is a code that a
majority compels a minority to follow that it is
unwilling to follow itself. This is sameness made
legal.
17
Jim Crow Laws
  • From the 1880s to the 1950s, laws enforced
    complete racial separation in the South.
  • Jim Crow, a minstrel-show character, was a
    derogatory term for black people.
  • Southern states passed laws requiring the
    complete separation of whites and blacks on
    public transportation, schools, restaurants, and
    other public places.

18
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
  • The Jim Crow laws were tested in 1896.
  • Homer Plessy, an African American living in
    Louisiana, was arrested for riding in a
    white-only railway car.
  • The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was
    constitutional!
  • Segregation was legal as long as public
    facilities were kept "separate but equal".
  • Justice John Harlan was the only justice who
    disagreed. Vehemently.

19
Washington vs. Du Bois
  • Booker T. Washington
  • Believed that blacks should assimilate into the
    world of work by learning technical skills
  • Established the Tuskegee Institute
  • W.E.B. Du Bois
  • Contended that blacks should receive a
    liberal-arts education
  • Co-founded the NAACP

20
The New Deal and Civil Rights
  • FDRs commitment to civil rights was lukewarm
  • Several New Deal agencies discriminated against
    blacks
  • Tenant farmers and sharecroppers protested
  • A. Phillip Randolph proposed a March on
    Washington

21
FDR Civil Rights
  • As president during the Great Depression and
    World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt cut a wide
    swath through the history of the period.
  • However, FDRs record regarding civil rights is
    at best mixed.
  • He rarely supported civil rights legislation,
    especially laws that would have made lynching a
    federal crime.
  • FDR did not support expansive civil rights
    legislation, primarily because he needed the
    votes of white Southern Democrats in order to
    maintain his New Deal Coalition.
  • To push for civil rights for African Americans
    might have cost him support for New Deal
    legislation, or even the presidency.

22
Civil Rights Movement
  • Segregation

23
Segregation
  • generally is taken to mean the practice of
    forcibly separating people based upon their race
    or ethnicity.          
  • However, under modern civil rights law force
    doesn't have anything to do with the legal
    definition of segregation.
  • From a legal standpoint, there are two types of
    segregation which affect preferred racial
    minorities in the U.S. de jure segregation and
    de facto segregation.

24
De jure segregation
  • means racial separation forced by specific laws.
    All such laws were eliminated in the U.S. by the
    mid-1960s.  Therefore, today in the U.S. there is
    no such thing as de jure segregation

25
De facto segregation
  • means racial separation that occurs "as a matter
    of fact", e.g., by housing patterns (where one
    lives) or by school enrollment (where one goes to
    school).

26
Separate but Equal
  • Photo Gallery Activity
  • Picture 1 Create a title for the picture
  • Write your initial feelings
  • Write down the Jim Crow Example you see
  • Explain why this is social injustice

27
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34
Jim Crow Justice
  • Lynching is the illegal execution of an accused
    person by a mob.
  • In the South, white mobs lynched African
    Americans.
  • Between 1880 and 1920, two African Americans a
    week were lynched in the United States.
  • In none of these cases was a white person ever
    punished for these crimes.
  • In the South, white juries never convicted white
    Klansmen.

35
The Civil Rights Movement
  • Strange Fruit

36
The Ku Klux Klan
  • In 1867, the KKK was formed by leaders of the
    Confederacy who lost the Civil War.
  • From then on, the number of lynching of African
    Americans increased dramatically.
  • The main objective of the KKK was to maintain
    white supremacy in the South.

37
Ida B. Wells
  • In 1884 Ida B. Wells was born a slave near
    Memphis, Tennessee.
  • She became a newspaper reporter there and
    published The Red Record, an expose of
    lynching
  • 728 African Americans had been lynched by white
    mobs.
  • Two-thirds were accused of small offenses - like
    public drunkenness or shoplifting - not rape.
  • In 1909, she became a founding member of the
    NAACP.

38
Emmett Till
  • Emmett Till was a 14-year-old boy who lived in
    Chicago.
  • In the summer of 1955, he went to visit his
    grandparents in Mississippi.
  • Being 14 (and not realizing the ugly climate of
    the South), he winked at a white woman.
  • In the middle of the night, two white men
    kidnapped Emmett Till.
  • Three days later, Emmett Till's body was found in
    the Tallahatchie River.
  • His eye was gouged out, his head was crushed in,
    and he had a bullet in his brain.
  • The corpse was nearly unrecognizable.

39
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40
The Civil Rights Movement
  • Death of Innocence Reading

41
Civil Rights Movement
  • The Fight for Justice Begins

42
Causes of the Movement
  • 1776- A Dream Deferred
  • World War II
  • 14th Amendment
  • Brown vs. Board of Education

43
A Dream Deferred
  • What happens to a dream deferred?
  • Does it dry up
  • Like a raisin in the sun?
  • Or fester like a sore -
  • And then run?
  • Does it stink like rotten meat?
  • Or crust and sugar over -
  • like a syrupy sweet?
  • Maybe it just sags
  • like a heavy load.
  • Or does it explode?

44
Segregation in World War II
  • When World War II began, 2.5 million
    African-Americans registered for the draft.
  • African American soldiers served in the Army, Air
    Force, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard.
  • But the armed forces were segregated.
  • To resolve the contradiction, the black press
    called for The Double V Campaign
  • A victory against Hitlers racism abroad and
    racial discrimination back home.
  • When the war was ended, segregation should come
    to an end.
  • African American soldiers fought for their
    country with one understanding
  • Ending segregation would be one of the fruits of
    victory.

45
The Civil Rights Movement
  • The People

46
Leaders
  • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (SCLC) The top leader
    of the Civil Rights Movement. Won Nobel Peace
    Prize.
  • Thurgood Marshall (NAACP) Lawyer who won the
    Brown v. Board of Education.
  • James Farmer (CORE) Organized the Freedom Rides
    through the South.

47
The Leaders
  • Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth (SCLC) led the civil
    rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama.
  • Rev. Jesse Jackson Convinced Chicago businesses
    to hire African-Americans. (Rainbow Coalition)
  • A. Philip Randolph (Labor leader) Threatened to
    hold a March on Washington during World War II to
    protest discrimination in defense jobs. This
    prompted FDR to desegregate the defense
    industries. Was the symbolic head of the March on
    Washington, 1963.

48
The Civil Rights Movement
  • The Organizations

49
NAACP
  • (National Association for the Advancement of
    Colored People)
  • It was the first organization to fight for civil
    rights.
  • Formed in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois, it was a
    multiracial group that waged legal battles in
    court.
  • Organizers set up branches in 50 major cities.
    But few in the South.
  • During the Civil Rights era, it set up legal
    defense funds to aid jailed protesters.
  • Thurgood Marshall, the lead attorney, won the
    landmark case Brown v. Board of Education.

50
Early School Segregation Cases
  • Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
  • McLaurin v. Oklahoma State
  • Regents for Higher Education (1950)
  • Both provided a framework for the 1954 Brown v.
    Board of Education case

51
Brown v. Board Origins
  • Video clip

52
Brown vs. Board of Education
  • In this landmark case, the Supreme Court ruled
    unanimously that segregation in public schools
    was unconstitutional.
  • The court orders that desegregation proceed "with
    all deliberate speed."
  • This paved the way for desegregation of all
    public facilities.
  • In 1967, Thurgood Marshall, the lead NAACP
    lawyer, became the first African American justice
    on the Supreme Court.

53
Brown NAACPs Arguments
  • The strategy the NAACP employed consisted of
    several arguments.
  • First, the NAACP noted that the decision in
    Plessy v. Ferguson had misinterpreted the 14th
    Amendment.
  • In Plessy, the Supreme Court had confirmed the
    legality of separate facilities for whites and
    blacks, provided that they were qual. In Brown,
    the plaintiffs asked the Supreme Court to
    overturn the 1896 ruling.
  • Second, the NAACP argued that the 14th Amendment
    not only prohibited discrimination on the federal
    level, but also on the state level.
  • This gave federal courts the right to order state
    governments (and school boards) to
    integrateschools.

54
  • The NAACP also believed that the 14th Amendment
    did not guarantee the right of state governments
    to discriminate in the area of public education.
  • The NAACP had already used this defense on other
    occasions, particularly in higher-education
    cases, and felt the same argument would be
    effective in K12 schools as well.
  • Finally, in a departure from typical
    discrimination lawsuits, the NAACP attempted to
    prove that school segregation not only violated
    the provisions of the 14th Amendment, but also
    had an adverse psychological effect on children
    forced to attend all-black schools.
  • The NAACP used testimony from noted child
    psychologists that substantiated claims that
    discrimination fostered a sense of inferiority in
    black children well beyond their school years.

55
The Little Rock Nine
  • According to the Supreme Court case Brown v.
    Board of Education, it was unconstitutional, and
    therefore illegal, to have segregated schooling.
  • In 1957, nine African-American students were
    enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in
    Little Rock, Arkansas. Initially Arkansas
    Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas
    National Guard to stop the students from
    attending the school.
  • In September, President Eisenhower intervened and
    sent federal troops and took the Arkansas
    National Guard out of the governors control.
  • The students were escorted by these federal
    troops and entered school on September 25, 1957.

56
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57
The Civil Rights Movement
  • SCLC, MLK, Montgomery, SNCC, CORE, the strategy

58
SCLC
  • Southern Christian Leadership Conference
  • Formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and
    other African American ministers.
  • Dr. King became its first president.
  • It began as a coalition of black churches to
    fight segregation in the South.
  • It became an umbrella organization that
    coordinated direct action across the South.
  • Its main objective was to coordinate nonviolent
    protests throughout the South.
  • It provided leadership for all the major actions
    Birmingham, Selma, and the March on Washington.

59
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
  • Parkss arrest provided the catalyst for a
    boycott of Montgomery buses. The origins of the
    bus boycott actually predated Rosa Parks arrest.
  • The brainchild of E.D. Nixon, head of the local
    NAACP as well as an officer in the Brotherhood of
    Sleeping Car Porters union, the plan was
    originally to use the arrest of 15-year-old
    Claudette Colvin as the event that would spark
    the boycott.
  • However, since Colvin was also charged with
    assault, the boycotts organizers searched for a
    more suitable symbol.
  • Rosa Parks, a respected figure in Montgomerys
    black community, fit the bill.

60
  • In order to effectively organize and conduct the
    boycott, Nixon and others met at a local Baptist
    church, where they formed the Montgomery
    Improvement Association.
  • Since several black ministers had already refused
    to support the boycott, the MIA appointed Martin
    Luther King Jr. (the churchs pastor) as
    president.

61
  • As the boycott spread throughout Montgomery,
    blacks found other ways to get to school or work.
  • Most walked, while others rode bicycles or
    hitchhiked to their destination. Some blacks
    carpooled.
  • When local car insurance companies threatened to
    cancel the policies of carpoolers, the famous
    insurance house Lloyds of London offered to
    insure their vehicles.
  • Black taxicab drivers supported the boycott by
    charging blacks ten-cent fares (the typical bus
    fare), instead of the usual 45-cent fare, even
    after city officials threatened to fine any
    driver who undercharged.
  • In some instances, white housewives picked up and
    drove their black maids to and from work
    however, it is unclear if they supported the
    boycott or simply wanted to make sure that their
    maids put in a full day of work.

62
The Boycott White Resistance
  • Some joined the White Citizens Council
  • Martin Luther King and Ralph Abernathys homes
    were fire bombed
  • Boycotters physically attacked
  • Some boycotters were arrested

63
SNCC
  • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
  • Founded in 1960 by college students at all-black
    Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina.
  • It was an organization exclusively for young
    African Americans.
  • After the first Greensboro sit-in, SNCC launched
    sit-ins throughout the South.
  • Its young leaders became famous
  • John Lewis, head of SNCC from 1963 to 1966,
    became a famous Congressman from Georgia.
  • Julian Bond became a state legislator in Georgia.
  • Stokely Carmichael launched the Black Power
    movement in 1966.

64
Congress of Racial Equality
  • Formed in 1942 in the middle of World War II.
  • Led by James Farmer, an African American, this
    multiracial group was dominated by whites..
  • In 1960, CORE began sending Northern college
    students - 1,000 black and white volunteers - on
    bus trips throughout the South.
  • As they rode through Southern states, they
    stopped at Greyhound bus stations and tried to
    use the restaurants and restrooms.
  • Their goal was to test new federal laws
    prohibiting segregation in interstate travel
    facilities.
  • The first group of "freedom riders were attacked
    by a mob in Alabama that set their bus on fire.

65
White Citizens Councils
  • The first White Citizens Council was born in
    Mississippi just after Brown v. Board of
    Education.
  • It was an all-white group that opposed
    integration. It believed in white supremacy.
  • In 1956, 100 Southern Congressmen issued The
    Southern Manifesto, calling upon Southern whites
    to oppose
  • desegregation.
  • Every Southern governor opposed desegregation. As
    a result, these groups sprung up in every white
    community in the South.
  • Most held the same philosophy as the Ku Klux
    Klan They opposed the Supreme Court, federal
    government, and desegregation.
  • They used violence against African Americans.
  • They attacked individuals, like James Meredith.
  • They attacked groups, like the Freedom Riders.
  • The average member carried a baseball bat.

66
The Strategy
  • a. Legal action
  • Lawyers filed lawsuits - in federal courts,
    against the Southern states.
  • Upholding the 14th Amendment, the Supreme Court
    always ruled in their favor.
  • b. Direct action
  • Massive demonstrations, boycotts, sit-ins to
    protest unfair state laws and practices.
  • c. A publicity campaign
  • To show on TV how unfair discriminatory laws
    were.
  • They appealed to Americans' sense of fair play.
  • d. Shame
  • To show Americans how un-American life was in
    the South.
  • To show white Southerners how un-Christian they
    were being.
  • At that time, the South was known as the Bible
    Belt.
  • People cared about being good Christians.

67
The Results
  • The impact of the new legislation
  • Civil Rights Act of 1964
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965
  • Civil Rights Act of 1968
  • The Civil Rights movement spread to Northern
    cities
  • Model for other struggles in the U.S
  • Model for struggles around the world
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