http://hhsiao.dlearn.kmu.edu.tw

1
???

• ?????? ??????
• ???? ???
• http//hhsiao.dlearn.kmu.edu.tw

2
??

• I. Huntington??????????
• II. ???????
• III. ???????

3
I. Huntington??????????

• 1.????????1828-1926,
• ??????????????????????.
• ???????? 1922-1942, ???????.
• 2.???????? 1943-1962,
• ?????????????.
• ???????? 1958-1975, ?????????.

4

• 3. ?????? 1975-
• David Potter, et al, Democratization (Polity
  Press ,1997), ??, et al.??,??????(????, 2000),
  p.12.

??????, 1975??1995?
1975 1975 1975 1995 1995 1995
???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
???????? 2 0 22 0 0 24
???? 15 2 5 2 5 15
?? 18 4 3 11 5 9
????????? 43 2 3 12 16 20
?????? 14 3 2 13 3 2
????/??? 9 0 0 5 14 8
? ? 101 11 35 43 43 78
???
1975 N147 68.7 7.5 23.8
1995 N164 26.2 26.2 47.6
5
II.???????

1. ???????? (Socioeconomic Precondition Thesis)
   ?????, The Lipset School of Democratization
2. ??????? (Transitional Approach Thesis) ?????,
   The Rustow School of Democratization
3. ????? (Cultural Precondition Thesis) ?????, The
   Huntington School of Democratization
4. ??????? (Political Institutional Establishment
   Thesis) ??????, The Friedman School of
   Democratization
5. ??????? (Cultural Ecological Thesis) The Yang
   Kuo-shu School of Democratization

6
II.1 ????? ?????????

• ?? ?????(the Lipset School of Democratization),
  ?1960s???????????. Theorists of this school have
  isolated the following socioeconomic correlates
  of democracy
• High levels of urbanization,
• Industrialization,
• Rising per capita income
• High literacy rates,
• Mass communication, etc.

7

• ?????
• Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (London
  Heinemann, 1960) expanded edition, (Baltimore
  Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
• Phillip Cutright, National Political
  Development Measurement and Analysis, American
  Sociological Review, Vol. 28 (April 1963), pp.
  253-264.

8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
????????????????????? !??
???,lt?????/???????gt, pp.10-12.
11
II.2 ????? ???????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????,???????
  ?????????
• ???????????,???????????(a)?????,?(b)?????????????
  ????(c)??????(d)??????(e)??????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????,?
  ?????????????,????????????????????????????????(???
  ??)?????????????,?????????????

12
David Potter ? Democratization , ??????????, P.
20, ?3
?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ?????????
13
??????

• Dankwart Rustow, Transition to Democracy Toward
  a Dynamic Model, Comparative Politics, Vol. 2
  (April 1970), pp. 337-363.
• Adam Przeworski, Some Problems in the Study of
  the Transition to Democracy, in Guillermor
  ODonnell and Philippe Schmitter, eds.,
  Transitions from Authoritarian Rule Comparative
  Perspective (Baltimore Johns Hopkins University
  Press, 1986).

14
II.3 ????? ?????

• ??????????????????????????????????.Samuel
  Huntington (???)1984???? Will More Countries
  Become Democratic? Political Science Quarterly,
  992 (Summer 1984), pp. 193-218, ???????.
• ???????????,??????????,????(????????????)???
  ?????. Huntington, The Goals of
  Development, in Myron Weiner and Samuel
  Huntington, eds., Understanding Political
  Development (Boston Little, Brown Co., 1987),
  p. 22.

15

• Robert Scalapino (???University of
  California at Berkeley??, Asian
  Survey??)????????. ????????????????,??????????????
  ??????(individualism)????. ??,????????????????????
  ???. ??,??????????????????,??????????.
  ??,??????????. ???? The Politics of Development
  Perspectives on Twentieth Century Asia
  (Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press,
  1989).

16

• Lipset (???)?Political Man
  (??1960)?1981??????,???????????????????.
  ??1990????The Centrality of Political Culture,
  Journal of Democracy, 14 (Fall 1990), p. 82,
  ???????????.??????????????,??????????????????,????
  ???????.

17

• ???????????????????????,????????????????????
  ?????????. ??,?????1982???Nathan Tumin (??)??.
  ??????????????,????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????. ??The Theory of
  Democratic Development, A Critical Revision,
  Theory and Society, 11 (1982), p. 160.

18

• ??,???????????????,????????????,????????????
  ???????????????.?????????,????????????????????,???
  ???,?????????????,?????????????.
• ????/????(civil society)?????????????.

19
???????

• ?????????? individualism????????????,
  ????????????????????????????,????????????????,???
  ?????????
• (1) Steven Lukes, Individualism (Oxford Basil,
  1973).
• (2) Donald Munro, Introduction to Donald Munro,
  ed., Individualism and Holism Studies in
  Confucian and Taoist Values (Ann Arbor Center
  for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan,
  1985), pp. 1-32.

20
????????????????

• Buddhist concept of the Buddha Nature (??)
  residing in each person. The Nirvana Sutra
  ???Even an icchantika (???) possesses the
  Buddha Nature. ????????????????. The Hindu
  concept of atman (??,??) vs. Brahman .
  Confucian concept of ???????? in each person.
• Taoist concept of ? as an embodiment of ? in
  each individual.
• ??????????????????????????,?????????????????????.
  

21

• ???????????????????????????. ????????????,????????
  ?. ????????????????????,?concept of
  dignity???????,????????????.
• ???????????????????,????, ?????????????
• ??,??????????,????????????????.

22
(No Transcript)
23
II.4 ????? ???????

• ???????,Edward Friedman (????)????????????????????
  ????????,?????????????????,??????????,????????????
  ???????,?????????,??????????????????????,?????????
  ?,??????,????????
• Friedman, Democratization Generalizing the
  East Asian Experience ,in Edward Friedman , ed
  ., The Politics of Democratization (Boulder
  Westview Press , 1994) , pp.19-57.

24
II.5 ????? ???????

• ?????/????????????????????????????????????????.???
  ?????????????(??????????????)??????.
  ???????????????(??????????????)???.
  ????????????????????, ???????????????????.
• ???, ??????????????. ??????????, ?????????????.
  ?????????????. ???????????.
• ????????lt?????/???????gt.

25
III. ???????

• ????????lt???????????????????gt, pp. 7-9, 17-29,
  30-35.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

26
??????????????
???

• ????

????
???
???
27
1945
1980
1987
????/ ????
??????
??????
???
?? ????
?? ????
?? ??
28
?????????????

• a. ????????(one-party totalitarian system)
• i. ??????(Marxist-Leninist Totalitarianism)
• ii. ??????(Nazi Totalitarianism)
• b. ??????(one-party authoritarian system)
• i. ??????(hard authoritarianism)
• ii. ??????(soft authoritarianism)

29

• c. ?????(pluralistic democracy)
• i. ???????(dominant-party democracy)
• ii. ?????(two-party democracy)
• iii. ?????(multi-party democracy)
• ???? Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner, eds.,
  Political Parties and Political Development
  (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1966).
• Edwin Winckler, Institutionalization and
  Participation on Taiwan From Hard to Soft
  Authoritarianism?The China Quarterly, No. 99
  (September 1984), pp. 481-499.

30
???????????????

• ??????(state corporatism) 1947-87.
• ???(????)?????????.
• b. ??????(societal corporatism) 1980--.
• ?????????????.
• c. ????/????(plural society/civil society)
  1987--.
• 1996??, ???????.

31

• Cf. Philippe Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruck,
  eds., Trends Toward Corporatist Intermediation
  (Beverly Hill and London Sage, 1979).
• Harmon Zeigler, Pluralism, Corporatism, and
  Confucianism Political Association and Conflict
  Regulation in the United States, Europe, and
  Taiwan (Philadelphia Temple University Press,
  1988).