Cloves Thematic Timeline

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ClovesThematic Timeline
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A. History of trade and economic impact

• The origin of the clove spice is Indonesia,
  specifically the islands of Ternate,Tidore, Moti,
  Makian, Batjan and Ambon where it grows in close
  proximity to a volcano

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From there the valuable spice was eventually
shipped north and west through the Indian Ocean
trade and the Atlantic trade
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Earliest users of cloves

• 2600 B.C.E.-Egyptians used spices such as cloves
  to strengthen pyramid workers
• Recent archaeology has found evidence of cloves
  in trade ships dated to 1721 B.C.E.
• 6th century B.C.E.- China sought spices from the
  tropical areas
• 1st Century B.C.E.-Roman Empire valued aromatics
  such as cloves for foods and medicines

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• 7th century C.E. Expansion of Islam, gave Arabs
  control of the spice market and their aggressive
  restrictions on pricing succeeded in virtually
  destroying the trade between Rome and S.E. Asia.
• Spices were so expensive during the Middle Ages
  that only the wealthiest could afford them.

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• that is until the Italian trade cities of
  Venice, Florence and Milan were able to strike a
  deal with Arab traders that gave them a monopoly
  on the trade of spices between east and west
  during the 14th century C.E. and it continued to
  rise after that.
• Trade of cloves and other spices also rose in the
  far east with the prosperity of the Ming dynasty
  under Emperor Yung-lo
• The great 14th century traveler, Ibn Battuta
  describes meals including cloves and other spices
  during his travels.

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16th and 17th centuryCloves are worth their
weight in gold

• The famous explorer, Magellan, on his
  circumnavigation of the world in 1520 started
  with 5 ships and 250 sailors. He died at the
  hands of natives on the trip and only one ship
  and 18 men returned to Spainhowever they brought
  back 50 tons of cloves and nutmeg so the trip was
  a success!

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Cloves and other spices reach the peak of
popularity

• By 1514 the Portuguese were exploring
  opportunities to enter the lucrative spice trade.
• However the Dutch aggressively took control of
  the clove trade in 1605 going to extremes to
  prevent any of the trees from being grown
  elsewhere.

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• Americas enterprising traders entered the spice
  trade in 1672. The fast sailing ships of the
  Americans pushed Salem, Massachusetts to the
  premier spice trade city.
• By the late 18th century the clove trees were
  being grown in many places in the world and the
  easy availability caused the market value to drop.

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Clove Trade today..

• Todays communication speed has allowed traders
  to deal directly with the source of clove
  production.
• Over 100,000 kilos of cloves are used per day in
  Indonesia to produce clove cigarettes. The value
  of this trade is approximately 120 million and
  represents about 20-25 of Indonesias income
  that is from the tobacco taxes of clove
  cigarettes.

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Clove trade today-continued

• The overall market for cloves in 2010 has been
  dramatically affected by the fact that Indonesian
  cigarette manufacturers have bought the entire
  Indonesian crop ( a bumper harvest this year).
  Once the fall harvest in Madagascar is complete
  this may alleviate the world wide demand.
• Clove Leaf Oil is selling at an all time high
  price.

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B. Cultural Influence

• The French word clou for nail gives the spice
  its name based on its appearance.
• China-2nd century B.C.E.-Officials are required
  to chew cloves while talking to the king to
  sweeten their breath
• Early Arabic traders told fanciful stories about
  the origins of the spice in order to maintain
  tight control of the valuable trade good.

• Magellans aide, Sebastian del Cano was the only
  officer to return to Spain in 1522 with a ship
  full of spices including cloves. His reward was a
  heraldric symbol for his family coat-of-arms that
  included 2 cinnamon sticks , three nutmegs and
  twelve cloves

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Cultural Influence continued

• Elihu Yale, made his wealth as a spice merchant
  in the latter 17th century and was the financial
  base for Yale University in Connecticut.

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• In an effort to maintain tight control of the
  clove trees, the Dutch destroyed any that
  sprouted naturally outside of their areas of
  control. This infuriated natives who had the
  tradition of planting a clove tree at the birth
  of a child. The trees well-being was directly
  related to the childs well-being so a deep
  hatred of the Dutch grew in native communities.

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C. Cloves-From harvest to end use

• The largest producers of cloves are Zanzibar,
  Tanzania, Madagascar and Indonesia, as well as
  southern India.
• Trees are planted in shade and take five years to
  produce flowers.
• Buds are picked by hand and sun-dried

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To market

• Cloves are the small reddish brown flower bud
• Todays clove farmers are using advanced
  technology to produce better quality and a more
  consistent crop.

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Uses for cloves

• Flavoring for foods- cloves are a favorite
  seasoning for Indian curries, for pickling, to
  accent hams or fruits as well as hot drinks.
• Used as an ingredient in Worchestershire sauce
• Used in spice cakes

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1880Robert Bently Henry Trimen

• Both cloves and the oil are stimulant, aromatic,
  and carminative. Cloves in substance or infusion
  are sometimes given to relieve nausea and
  vomiting of pregnancy, to relieve flatulence, and
  to except weak digestion. The oil of cloves
  sometimes affords relief when introduced into the
  cavity of a carious tooth.
• Medicinal plants being descriptions with
  original figures of the principal plants employed
  in medicine and an account of the characters,
  properties, and uses of their parts and products
  of medicinal value.

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Other uses for cloves

• Traditional medicine
• Indigestion
• Diarrhea
• Hernia
• Ringworm
• Athletes foot
• Respiratory
• Anti-gout medicine
• Relieves toothache
• Cures insomnia
• Local anesthetic

• Miscellaneous uses
• Personal hygiene such as toothpaste
• Flavoring
• Perfumery
• Cosmetics
• Toiletries
• Clove cigarettes

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D. Governmental actions

• The value of cloves led European traders to take
  extreme actions to control the supply and
  therefore the price of the spice.
• The sultans who ruled over the two main clove
  producing islands, Ternate and Tidore played the
  European countries against each other.
• When conflict over trade rights occurred between
  Catholic countries, the Pope negotiated the Line
  of Demarcation and later the Treaty of
  Tordesillas to fairly divide the control of newly
  discovered spice producing islands

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The Dutch enter the scene

• Dutch traders manage to get a foot in to the
  clove trade through an agreement with Portugal
• Spain takes over Portugal and cuts the Dutch out
  of the trade which results in their total control
  and an increase in the value of the spice
• Eventually the Dutch East India company (1602)
  used strong arm measures to take a vise-like grip
  of the clove industry.

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Finally, the Dutch monopoly is broken

• Despite Dutch attempts to thwart others from
  growing clove trees by burning, uprooting trees
  and soaking seeds in lime as well as threats of
  the death penalty, high on the side of the
  volcano grows the worlds oldest clove tree, Afo.
  Its seedlings were secretly transported to
  Zanzibar in 1770 and formed the base of a new
  clove supply for the world.

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Recent events in the cloves market

• Multi-national spice companies control the
  business from harvest to retail sales crowding
  out spice traders.
• One reason for the harvest to table control is
  new laws regarding purity of the product to avoid
  any contaminants
• The Indian Spices Board is involved in helping
  members obtain ISO certification.
• Global trade has evolved to the degree that no
  one market can effectively corner the market and
  boost prices.

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Bibliography

• "China and the Trade in Cloves, circa 960-1435. -
  The Journal of the American Oriental Society
  HighBeam Research - FREE Trial." Research -
  Articles - Journals Find Research Fast at
  HighBeam Research. The Journal of the American
  Oriental Society, 1 Jan. 1993. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
  lthttp//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14320829.htmlgt.
• "Clove,Natural Clove,Clove Spice,Supplier of
  Natural Clove,Clove Spice Exporter,Clove from
  India." Indian Spices Supplier,Indian Cooking
  Spices,Spices from India,Cooking Spices
  Supplier,Cooking Spices from India. Spice Trade
  B2B Marketplace. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
  lthttp//www.spice-trade.com/clove.htmlgt.
• Dobbins, Lee. "History of Cloves." InDepthInfo
  Information Delivered In-Depth. 2007-2010. Web.
  14 Nov. 2010. lthttp//www.indepthinfo.com/cloves/s
  tory.shtmlgt.
• "Herb Spice Market." Lionel Hitchen USA -
  Supplier of Lemon and Other Citrus Oils, Spice
  Extracts and Flavors. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
  lthttp//www.lhitchenusa.com/herb_spice_market_repo
  rt.htmlgt.
• "History About Clove Cigarettes." Clove
  Cigarettes Store. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
  lthttp//www.clovecigarettesstore.com/clove-cigaret
  tes-history.htmlgt.
• "The Spice Trade - A Taste of Adventure." The
  Epicentre Exotic Herbs and Spices. The Economist.
  Web. 14 Nov. 2010. lthttp//www.theepicentre.com/Sp
  ices/spicetrd.htmlgt.
• "SpicesExotic Flavors and Medicines." Medicinal
  Spices Exhibit-UCLA Biomedical LibraryHistory
  and Special Collections. UCLA. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
  lthttp//unitproj.library.ucla.edu/biomed/spice/ind
  ex.cfmgt.