Module 21

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Module 21

• Health, Stress Coping

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INTRODUCTION

• Stress
• Panic Disorder
• ________________________________________
• person becomes so worried about having another
  panic attack that this intense worrying
  interferes with normal psychological functioning
• Panic Attack
• period of intense fear or discomfort in which
  four or more of the following symptoms are
  present
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________

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INTRODUCTION

• Stress
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________

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APPRAISAL

• Primary appraisals
• refers to our initial, subjective evaluation of a
  situation, in which we balance the demands of a
  potentially stressful situation against our
  ability to meet these demands
• Three different primary appraisals (examples)
• irrelevant ________________________
• positive ________________________________________
  ____________
• stressful _______________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _____________________________________________

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APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Primary appraisals
• Harm/loss appraisal
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________
• _____________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________

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APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Primary appraisals
• Threat appraisal
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________
• ________________________________________

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APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Primary appraisals
• Challenge appraisal
• means that you have the potential for gain or
  personal growth
• need to mobilize your physical energy and
  psychological resources to meet the challenging
  situation
• elicits positive emotions, such as eagerness or
  excitement
• usually less stressful than harm/loss or a threat
  appraisal

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APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Appraisal and stress level
• Galvanic skin response
• measure of how much a persons hand sweats due to
  physiological arousal and not to normal
  temperature changes

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APPRAISAL (CONT.)

• Same situation, different appraisals
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________

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APPRAISAL
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES

• Fight-flight response
• directs great resources of energy to the muscles
  and the brain
• can be triggered by either physical stimuli that
  threaten our survival or psychological situations
  that are novel, threatening, or challenging
• involves numerous physiological responses that
  arouse and prepare the body for action
• fight or flight

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Sequence for activation of the fight-flight
  response
• appraisal
• physically or psychologically threatening stimuli
  can trigger the fight-flight response and
  negative emotional feelings
• fear, rage
• hypothalamus
• simultaneously activates two stress-related
  responses it triggers the pituitary gland to
  release a stress fighting hormone called ACTH
  (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
• activates the sympathetic division of the
  autonomic nervous system

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Sequence for activation of the fight-flight
  response
• sympathetic division
• activated by hypothalamus
• triggers a number of physiological responses
• Parasympathetic division
• activated by the hypothalamus
• returns the body to a more relaxed, calm state

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Sequence for activation of the fight-flight
  response
• fight-flight response
• increases heart rate, blood pressure,
  respiration, secretion of excitatory hormones,
  and many other responses
• prepares body to deal with impending threat

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Psychosomatic symptoms
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________________
• _____________________________________
• psychosomatic is derived from
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Development of symptoms
• Genetic predisposition
• most of us inherit a tendency that targets a
  particular organ or bodily system for weakening
  or breaking down
• heart, blood vessels, stomach lining, or immune
  system
• different individuals who are in similar
  stressful situations experience different kinds
  of psychosomatic symptoms
• Lifestyles
• smoking, being overweight, not exercising, or
  taking little time for relaxing

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Development of symptoms
• Threat appraisals
• some of us are more likely to appraise situations
  as threatening
• elicit negative emotions
• trigger fight-flight response
• psychosomatic symptoms
• poor lifestyles and too many threat appraisals
• can damage or break down body organs that may
  have already been weakened

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• General adaptation syndrome
• GAS, refers to the bodys reaction to stressful
  situations during which it goes through a series
  of three stages (gradually increase the chances
  of developing psychosomatic symptoms
• Alarm stage
• initial reaction to stress and is marked by
  activation of the fight-flight response
• causes physiological arousal
• Resistance stage
• the bodys reaction to continued stress during
  which most of the physiological responses return
  to normal levels but the body uses up great
  stores of energy

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• General adaptation syndrome
• Exhaustion stage
• the bodys reaction to long-term, continuous
  stress, marked by actual breakdown in internal
  organs or weakening of the infection-fighting
  immune system

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Mind-body connection
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________
• Mind-body therapy
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________________

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)

• Immune system
• bodys defense and surveillance network of cells
  and chemicals that fight off bacteria, viruses,
  and other foreign or toxic substances
• psychoneuroimmunology
• study of the relationship among three factors
• central nervous system
• endocrine system
• psychosocial factors

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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (CONT.)
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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES

• Kinds of stress
• Hassles
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________
• Uplifts
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________
• Major life events
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES

• Kinds of stress
• Adjustment disorder
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________
• condition includes these symptoms
• _____________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________________

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(No Transcript)
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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Situational stress
• Frustration
• the awful feeling that results when your attempts
  to reach some goal are blocked
• Burnout
• refers to being physically overwhelmed and
  exhausted, finding the job unrewarding and
  becoming cynical or detached, and developing a
  strong sense of ineffectiveness and lack of
  accomplishment in this particular job

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Situational stress
• Violence
• posttraumatic stress disorder
• a disabling condition that results from
  personally experiencing an event that involves
  actual or threatened death or serious injury, or
  from witnessing such an event, or hearing of such
  an event happening to a family member or close
  friend
• number of psychological symptoms
• _____________________________________
• _____________________________________
• _____________________________________

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conflict
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________
• Approach-approach conflict
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)
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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conflict
• Avoidance-avoidance conflict
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)
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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conflict
• Approach-avoidance conflict
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)
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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conflict
• Five styles of dealing with conflict
• Avoidance
• by avoiding or ignoring conflict, it will
  disappear or magically go away
• Accommodation
• hate conflicts and tend to please people and
  worry about approval
• Domination
• go to any lengths to win, even if it means being
  aggressive and manipulative

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conflict
• Five styles of dealing with conflict
• Compromise
• recognize that others have different needs and
  try to solve conflicts through compromise
• Integration
• try to resolve conflicts by finding solutions to
  please both partners

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Anxiety
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Conditioned emotional response
• results when an emotional response (fear or
  anxiety) is classically conditioned to a
  previously neutral stimulus
• Observational learning
• form of cognitive learning
• results from watching and modeling
• does not require the observer to perform any
  observable behavior or receive a reinforcer
• Anxiety (according to Freud)
• when there is an unconscious conflict between the
  ids and superegos desires regarding how to
  satisfy a need (ego caught in the middle)
• egos solution create a feeling of anxiety

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)

• Positive stress
• Eustress
• pleasant
• desirable
• stress that is healthful and keeps us engaged in
  situations

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STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES (CONT.)
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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS

• Hardiness
• combination of three personality traits
• ____________________________
• ____________________________
• ____________________________

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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS

• Locus of control
• a continuum
• one end is the belief that you are basically in
  control of lifes events
• what you do influences the situation
• belief is called an internal locus of control
• other end is the belief that chance and luck
  mostly determine what happens
• you do not have much influence
• belief is called an external locus of control

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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS

• Optimism Versus Pessimism
• Optimism
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________
• Pessimism
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________

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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS

• Positive Psychology
• ________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________

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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS
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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS

• Type A Behavior 1970s (impatient, hostile,
  workaholic)
• Type A
• refers to a combination of personality traits
  that include and overly competitive and
  aggressive drive to achieve
• hostile attitude when frustrated
• habitual sense of time urgency
• rapid and explosive pattern of speaking
• being a workaholic
• Type B
• characterized as being easygoing, calm, relaxed,
  and patient

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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS

• Type A Behavior 1980s-1990s
• Type A
• defined in the 1980s as
• being depressed
• easily frustrated
• anxious
• angry
• some combination of these traits
• defined in the 1990s
• specifies an individual who feels angry and
  hostile much of the time
• may or may not express these emotions publicly

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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS

• Type D Behavior
• defined as chronic distress in terms of two
  emotional states
• negative affectivity
• worry
• irritability
• gloom
• social inhibition
• shy and reserved
• lacking self-assurance

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PERSONALITY SOCIAL FACTORS

• Social Support
• refers to three factors
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________

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KINDS OF COPING

• Appraisal
• Secondary appraisal
• deciding to deal with a potentially stressful
  situation by using one or both of two different
  coping patterns
• Problem-focused
• Emotion focused

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KINDS OF COPING

• Problem focused
• means we try to decrease stress by solving the
  problem through seeking information
• changing our own behavior
• taking whatever action is needed to resolve the
  difficulty
• Emotion focused
• means we do things primarily to deal with our
  emotional distress
• seeking support and sympathy
• avoiding or denying the situation

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KINDS OF COPING