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????? Computer Networks

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Title: ????? Computer Networks


1
?????Computer Networks
  • http//if.ustc.edu.cn/course/

2
???
  • Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks (5th
    Edition), Prentice Hall, 2010
  • ???????? (?4?),????,???????
  • Larry L. Peterson, Bruce. S. Davie, Computer
    Networks A System Approach (5th Edition) ,
    Morgan Kaufmann, 2011
  • ????????????(?3????4?),???????

3
?????????
  • ????54????,20????
  • ????
  • ????70
  • ????10
  • ????20

4
????
  • ???313??
  • ??
  • ??
  • ???

5
?????????
  • ????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????
    ?
  • ????????,????????
  • ??????????????

??? 1)??????????? 2)???????????
6
????????
  • ??(link)????????????????
  • ???(Point-to-Point)??
  • ????(Multiple Acess)/????
  • ??(node)?????????,????????????????

7
??????????
  • ????,??????????????????????
  • ???????????????
  • ????,???
  • ????????
  • ??????????????
  • ????????????????????
  • ??????????

???
8
?????????(internet)
  • ???????????????????(internet)
  • ??????????????????????(Router)/??(Gateway)
  • ??????????????,??????????????????
  • ??????,????????????????(network)

9
??????Internet
  • Internet(???)?????????
  • ??Internet(???)??
  • ????????( Advanced Research Projects Agency
    Network )
  • ???Internet???
  • ??????????Internet,??????????????,???????????????
  • Internet???????????????
  • Internet????????????????,?????????????????
  • ???,????????TCP/IP??,??????Internet

10
????
  • ?????????????
  • ??????????
  • ????????????????????,???????
  • ???????????

11
????
  1. ??
  2. ???
  3. ?????
  4. ??????????
  5. ???
  6. Internet Protocol
  7. ???
  8. ???
  9. ????

12
Chapter 1 ??
  • 1.1 ??Internet ????
  • 1.2 ??Internet????
  • 1.3 IPv6???
  • 1.4 Internet???
  • 1.5 ??????
  • 1.6 ?????
  • 1.7 ??????

13
1.1??Internet ????
?????IEEE Infocom 2006 keynote speech, UCLA??,
Len Kleinrock?? "The Internet History,
Development and Forecast" http//www.comsoc.org/v
ideo/infocom/06/index.html
  • Internet???(?????,???(internet))
  • ??????????,?????????????????,???????(ARPAnet)????,
    ????TCP/IP???
  • ??
  • 1969?????????????????ARPAnet
  • 1974?,??TCP/IP?????,1980??,??????(DNSDomain Name
    System)
  • 1985?,?????????NSF??TCP/IP???,??NSFNet
  • 90???,Internet????,???????????
  • 93???????????????(????????,NII,National
    Information Infrastructure),??????????????????????
    ???????, GII(Global Information
    Infrastructure)?????
  • 1997?7?,?????NGI(Next Generation Internet)
  • 2005???NSF??GENI(Global Environment for
    Networking Innovation)?FIND (Future INternet
    Design)

14
14
15
15
16
16
17
What was the first message even sent on the
Internet?
  • 1844?,?????Morse??????What hath God Wrought
  • 1876?,?????Bell?????? Watson, come here. I
    want you.
  • 1969?,Armstrong?????????One Giant Leap for
    Mankind.

It was simply a LOGIN from the UCLA computer to
the SRI computer.
Nobody noticed!!
17
18
1969?12??ARPAnet
?? ?? OS
UCLA(?????????) SDS Sigma 7 SEX
SRI(??????) XDS-940 Genie
UCSB(??????????) IBM 360/75 OS/MVT
UTAH(??????) Digital PDP-10 TENEX
18
19
1988??NSFNet
19
??
20
??
  • This large graph shows the router level
    connectivity of the Internet as measured by Hal
    Burch and Bill Cheswick's Internet Mapping
    Project

20
21
Chapter 1 ??
  • 1.1 ??Internet ????
  • 1.2 ??Internet????
  • 1.3 IPv6???
  • 1.4 Internet???
  • 1.5 ??????
  • 1.6 ?????
  • 1.7 ??????

22
1.2??Internet????
?????
  • 1989?9?,???????????????????????????(NCFC,The
    National Computing and Networking Facility of
    China),1992?NCFC???????(????????CSTNet)
  • 1994?5?,NCFC????????Internet,?InterNIC??CN???
  • 1994?9?,??????????(Chinanet)??????,96?1??????
  • 1994?10?,???????(Cernet)?????
  • 1996?9?,?????(ChinaGBN)?????
  • 1997?,Chinanet?CSTNet?Cernet?ChinaGBN?????

23
1.2??Internet????(?)
24
????
???2011?12?,??????????3.56?
25
(No Transcript)
26
Cernet?????
?????
27
CERNET??????
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
Chapter 1 ??
  • 1.1 ??Internet ????
  • 1.2 ??Internet????
  • 1.3 IPv6???
  • 1.4 Internet???
  • 1.5 ??????
  • 1.6 ?????
  • 1.7 ??????

31
IPv4????
Fromhttp//ipv6.he.net/statistics/ Date
2011.04.26
32
1.3 IPv6???
  • IPv6 is sometimes also called the Next Generation
    Internet Protocol or IPng.
  • ??
  • IPv6 was recommended by the IPng Area Directors
    of the Internet Engineering Task Force at the
    Toronto IETF meeting on July 25, 1994 in RFC 1752
  • The core set of IPv6 protocols were made an IETF
    Draft Standard on August 10, 1998.
    ,RFC2460,Internet Protocol, Version 6
    (IPv6),DEC,1998 Specification
  • 1996?3???IPv6???(6bone)??
  • ??
  • 1998?4?,CERNET???????IP??(IPv6)???6BONE?8???
    863????IPv6????
  • 2002?1?,????????????IPv6?????
  • 2003?8?,????????????????"?????????????????????",??
    ??"????????????CNGI"???????2003??2005?????,??IPv6?
    ?,??CNGI???(??20???30?????)
  • ???? ,????????????????????
  • ????????????,?????????????????????7?????????
  • ????,????????????
  • ????,???????IPv6???
  • CERNET2???????,???2.5G???????????????????

33
CERNET2 ???
34
??????????????,????NGI NGN
?????
???
1835????
1876??????3.4KHz
1960??????64Kb/s
1988?ISDN 192Kb/s-2Mb/s
1992?B-ISDN 155Mb/s-622Mb/s
2000? ???? Gb/s-Tb/s ???
?????
1976??????9.6Kb/s-64Kb/s
1990?????245Mb/s
NGN
21??? B3G/4G LTE/LTE
2000? W-CDMA(3GPP) CDMA2000(3GPP2)
???
80??????
90??GSM
IP
750MHz1GHz 200ch???TV cable modem
?????
450MHz 60ch.??TV
70??CATV
1994?HFC
NGI
21????WPAN/WLAN/WMAN 802.16(WiMAX)
1997 802.11(WiFi)
70?? 10BASE-5 10Mb/s
80?? FDDI 100Mb/s
90??? 100BASE-T 100Mb/s
97? GBE 1000Mb/s
??????
90??? ATM-LAN
1969? ARPA
1982? TCP/IP
1992? IPv6,RTP RSVP
1998? IP OVER SDH IP OVER WDM
1996? ?3,4???
???
35
Chapter 1 ??
  • 1.1 ??Internet ????
  • 1.2 ??Internet????
  • 1.3 IPv6???
  • 1.4 Internet???
  • 1.5 ??????
  • 1.6 ?????
  • 1.7 ??????

36
1.4Internet???
???? Electronic mail FTP Telnet WWW
?????
Video conferencing
???? Intelligent Transportation Systems
Remote control
Internet (Global infrastructure for information
which uses TCP/IP Communication)
???? Information Appliance
Distributed databases
Electronic commerce
IP Phone Video Phone
Remote Education
Telemedicine
Digital video/ audio/applications download
Interconnection of networks (Intranets,VPN)
37
?????
???/???
????????gt????,????? ???????? C/S gt p2p
38
???P2P
  • ???
  • ????
  • ??,??
  • ????
  • ????
  • ????
  • ??,???
  • ????

39
Chapter 1 ??
  • 1.1 ??Internet ????
  • 1.2 ??Internet????
  • 1.3 IPv6???
  • 1.4 Internet???
  • 1.5 ??????
  • 1.6 ?????
  • 1.7 ??????

40
???????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????
  • ????????????????,??????????

41
??????
  • ???????????????????
  • ??(Switching)??????????????????,?????????,???????
    ????????????
  • ??(Addressing)??????????????????/??
  • ????(Routing)??????????????????,?????,???????????
    ????????
  • ??(Protocol)???????????????????????????,?????????
    ??

42
??
  • ????????,?????????(Circuit Switching),????????????
    ???????????,?????????????????????
  • ???????,?????????(Packet Switching),????????,?????
    ?????
  • ??(Packet) ????????,??????????????
  • ????????????????

????
????
43
??(?)
  • ??????,???????????(Store-and-Forward),????????????
    ???,????????,???????????????????????
  • ????????????

44
??(?)
  • ???????????????
  • ???????????????????????????
  • ????(Multiplexing)
  • ??????
  • TDMTime-Division Multiplexing
  • ??????
  • FDMFrequency-Division Multiplexing)

Frame
???????????????(Statistical Multiplexing)
45
??(?)
  • ??????
  • ?TDM??,????????????????,?????????????????(time
    slot)
  • ?????????????????,?????????????,?????????,????????
    ?
  • ???????????????????????????(Fairness)
  • ?????,?????????????,??????????????????????
  • ????????????????????

46
??
  • ?????????(Address)??????,?????????????
  • ????(Unicast Address)???????????????
  • ????(Broadcast Address)???????????????
  • ??/????(Multicast Address)????????????,??????????
    ????

47
????
  • ?????????????????????????,???,????????????,???????
    ????,????????????????????
  • ??,?????????????????????????,?????????????
  • ??????????????,??????,???????????????,????????????
    ????

48
??
  • ??????,?????,?????????????????????????????????????
  • ???????
  • ????????????????????????
  • ?????????
  • ??????,???????????????????,????

49
????????????????????????????????????????,?????,???
???????????????????????????????????????????
??????,????????????????????????,????????????
???????????????????
50
?????
???????
  • ????????,??????????????????
  • ??????,??????????
  • ??????????????
  • ????????????????,????????????????
  • ?????,??????????????????????????

??3
??6
??1
??5
??4
??2
???????????????,?????????????
51
?????
  • ?????
  • ???????????????????????,??????????
  • ???????????????,????????,??????????,??????????????

????
????
52
?????
?n1?
?n1?
?n??????
n/n1???
?n?
?n?
?n???
???(Peer Entity)
?n-1?
?n-1?
  • ????????????????,???????????,?????????,?????????
  • ????????????????????????????????????????
  • ????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????
    ???
  • ?????????????????,???????,????????

53
????
??????
??????????
????????
????
??????
????
  • ??????????(Primitive)???,?????????????????
  • ????????????????,??????????,??????????????????????
    ???

54
?????????
n1?
n?
n1?
request
indication
response
confirm
??A
??B
55
  • ????????
  • 1 COENNCT.request dial
  • 2 CONNECT.indication ring
  • 3 CONNECT.response pick up
  • 4 CONNECT.confirm ringing stops
  • 5 DATA.request say something
  • 6 DATA.indication hears voice
  • 7 DISCONNECT.request caller hangs up
  • 8 DISCONNECT.indication busy tone

?n1?
?n?
?n1?
?n?
56
????
Layer n Protocol
Layer n Protocol
PDU
Layer n-1 Protocol
Layer n-1 Protocol
PDU
  • ????????,????????????????(PDUProtocol Data
    Unit)?????????????????,???????
  • ?????????,???????????????????PDU???,?????????????
    ??,???????

57
???????
  • ???(Protocol Stack)??????????????
  • ???(Protocol Grpah)???????????????????
  • ??????,???????
  • ????????????????????????????
  • ????????
  • OSI????
  • Internet????

???
58
OSI????
  • OSI?????ISO?1983???,??OSI????
  • ISOInternational Standards Organization,???????
  • OSIOpen Systems Interconnection,??????
  • ???,OIS?????????????(?)????,???????????,

?????
??????
?????
?????
?????
??????
59
???
  • ????
  • ???????????????ISDN???????????????????,???????????
    ??????
  • ????????,?????????????,???????????
  • ????????
  • ????
  • ??????????,??????????????????????????
  • ?????????(Amplifier)????(Hub)

60
?????
  • ????
  • ???????,????????????,??????,?????????????,????????
    ??,????????????
  • ????????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????????????????,????????????????
    ??,?????????MAC (Media Access Control)
  • ??????????????????????
  • ????
  • ??????????HLDCP(High Level Data Control
    Procedure)
  • ?????PPP(Point to Point Protocol)
  • ??????(Bridge)?(L2)???(Switch)

???????????????
61
???
  • ?????????,????????????,?????????????
  • ????????????????
  • ????
  • ATM???????????????????????????(??????????),??????
    ??????,??????????,?????????
  • IP?????????????,????????,????,???????????,???????
    ?????
  • ????????(L3)???

62
???
  • ????
  • ??????????????,???????????
  • ???(end-to-end),???????????,??????????
  • ??????????
  • ????????????????????????????????(??????????????)
  • ???????????,??????

???????????????????????
??????????????????????????(Gateway)
63
???????????
  • ???????
  • ????????????????
  • ??????????,??????,????????????,????,??????????????
    ?,??????
  • ???????
  • ??????,??????????????,????????????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ???????
  • ??????????????

64
Internet????
  • ??TCP/IP????
  • TCP/IP??Internet????????IP(Internet
    Protocol)?TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)

65
TCP/IP???
  • Applications
  • Web
  • Email
  • Video/Audio
  • TCP/IP
  • Access Technologies
  • Ethernet (LAN)
  • Wireless (Wimax, WLAN, Cellular)
  • Cable
  • ADSL
  • Satellite

Applications
???????? (????????overlay)
Middleware Services
Narrow Waist
??????????????, ?????????
TCP/IP
Network Technology Substrate
?????????????
Access Technologies
65
66
??????
  • ??????????????,????????????TCP/IP?????????????????
    ,???????????
  • ?Internet???????????????,?????OSI??????????
  • ??????????????????????????

67
????
  • ??????OSI????????
  • ???IP??,?????IP???????????????????,???????????????

IP????????????Internet?????,?????????????????,????
???????
68
???
  • ??????OSI????????
  • ???????
  • ??????TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)?????????
    ?????
  • ???????UDP(User Datagram Protocol )?????????????

????????????????,?????????????????????TCP,???????
??????????????,????????,???UDP
69
???
  • ??????????,??ISO???????????
  • ????DNS????IP??
  • HTTP??WWW??
  • FTP????????
  • Telnet????????
  • SMTP????????

?????????? ??????????????????,????????????
70
??????????????????
???
???
???
?????
???
71
?????????
???????(???)
??A
???????(??)
???
L2 ???
L2 ???
???????(??)
??B
?????
72
Chapter 1 ??
  • 1.1 ??Internet ????
  • 1.2 ??Internet????
  • 1.3 IPv6???
  • 1.4 Internet???
  • 1.5 ??????
  • 1.6 ?????
  • 1.7 ??????

73
?????
  • ???????????????????,??????????,???????????????????
  • ????
  • ???????????,????????????????IBM
    PC????????????,???????????IBM???
  • ???????????????????????????

74
??????ITU
  • ITU International Telecommunication Union
  • http//www.itu.int
  • ITU????????
  • ITU-R??????,?????????
  • ITU-T???????,???????????
  • V???????????,V.90 56kbps modem
  • X?????????,X.25????
  • G???????????????,G.726 ADPCM????
  • H???????????,H.264(MPEG4 Part 10)????
  • Q?????,Q.931
  • ITU-D??????,????,????????????????????????

ITU-T?????????????????????????
75
???????ISO
  • ISO International Standards Organization
  • http//www.iso.org
  • ISO???????????
  • ISO?IEC?????????ISO/IEC JTC1,???????????
  • ISO?ITU-T?????????????(ISO?ITU-T?????),??ISO/IEC?M
    PEG?ITU-T?VCEG???????JVT(Joint Video
    Team)???????????,??ISO/IEC?MPEG-4 Part
    10,??ITU-T?H.264

IECInternational Electrotechnical
Commission,??????????
ISO????????????,???ISO?????????????ANSI (American
National Institute),ANSI????ISO???????
76
??????????IEEE
  • IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics
    Engineers
  • http//www.ieee.org
  • IEEE?????????????????????
  • IEEE 802??????IEEE 802????,???????????????????????
    ???MAC(Media Access Control)????
  • IEEE 802.3???
  • IEEE 802.15?????
  • 802.15.1??,802.15.3a ???
  • IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n?????
  • IEEE 802.16 a/d/e ?????

IEEE????????????,????????????????
77
Internt??
  • Internet??(Internet Society)???????Internet????,??
    ?????????????????????
  • Internet?????????
  • Internet???????IAB(Internet Architecture
    Board)??????Internet????,?IETF?????????
  • Internet?????IETF(Internet Engineering Task
    Force)Internet??????????
  • Internet?????IESG(Internet Engineering Steering
    Group)??IETF????????Internet?????

?ITU?ISO?IEEE????????,Internet?????????,???????www
.ietf.org??
78
Chapter 1 ??
  • 1.1 ??Internet ????
  • 1.2 ??Internet????
  • 1.3 IPv6???
  • 1.4 Internet???
  • 1.5 ??????
  • 1.6 ?????
  • 1.7 ??????

79
???????
  • ????(Bandwidth)
  • ?????????????????,?????bps(bit/s)(Kbps?Mbps?Gpbs?)
  • ????(Latency/Delay)
  • ????(Propagation),????????
  • Propagation Distance / Speed
  • ????(Transmit),?????????????
  • Transmit Size / Bandwidth
  • ???? (Queue),????????????????????????
  • ??????(Delay Jitter)

80
?????
  • ?????(Throughput)
  • ???????,?????????????
  • ??802.11b????11Mbps,???????????,????????????4Mbps?
    ?
  • ?????,????????????????

??????????????????????????,???????????,???????????
???????????
81
????
  • 3,10,17,19,20,25
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