Tools and Machines

1
Tools and Machines

• Prehistory
• Takeover throughout the 18th Century
• 19th Century
• Julie Johnson

2
Tool vs. Machine

• Tool
• A device that provides a mechanical advantage in
  accomplishing a physical task. (Wikipedia)
• 5 basic tools lever, wedge, screw, pulley, and
  inclined plane

3
Tool vs. Machine

• Machine
• A machine is any mechanical or organic device
  that transmits or modifies energy to perform or
  assist in the performance of tasks. (energy in
  for work out) (Wikipedia)
• Components of a Machine Combination of the 5
  basic tools

4
Prehistory Myth

• Athena
• Workshop on Mt. Olympus
• Original inventor of all mechanical arts
• Known for inventing the chariot
• Athena was senior partner to Hephaestus which
  means the goddess who removes from sight

5
Prehistory - Myth

• Minerva
• Roman goddess of handicrafts, known for inventing
  the cart
• First to make iron weapons
• Specifically credited with inventing the distaff,
  needle, weaving, olive mills and the technique
  of making olive oil

6
Prehistory - Myth

• Brigit
• Celtic Triple Goddess before becoming an Irish
  saint
• Required her bishops to be practicing goldsmiths
• Tsenabonpil (Melanesia), Miti-Miti (Siberia), and
  Sarasvati (India)
• Examples from primitive groups who credit women
  ancestors with giving people all knowledge

7
The Early Tools

• Prehistory of Mechanics
• 5 primary machines
• Lever
• Wedge
• Screw
• Pulley
• Inclined Plane
• Wheel and Axle

8
The Early Tools - Lever

• Lever is made of 3 parts the weight, fulcrum,
  and power point.
• 3 types of levers based on where the 3 components
  are
• Earliest form of the lever is the digging stick

9
The Early Tools - Wedge

• A wedge is used to separate two objects, or
  portions of objects, through the application of
  force, perpendicular to the inclined surfaces.
• Used for splitting trees, breaking masses of ore,
  lifting weights, and hafting stone tools
• Examples knives, axes, nails, looms

10
The Early Tools Inclined Plane

• The inclined plane permits one to overcome a
  large resistance by applying a relatively small
  force through a longer distance than the load is
  to be raised.
• Since women were the burden bearers they are more
  likely to have invented the inclined plane

11
The Early Tools - Screw

• A screw is used to translate torque into linear
  force. It can also be defined as an inclined
  plane wrapped around a shaft.
• Mayan culture has a screw-top ceramic jar
• Pottery making was predominantly or exclusively
  womens work in 80 out of 105 societies

12
The Early Tools - Pulley

• Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to
  reduce the amount of force needed to lift a load.
  
• Amount of work is the same with or without
  pulleys
• Vertically or horizontally
• dead-eye pulley used rope wrapped around a tree

13
Wheel and Axle

• Rotary Motion
• Replaced back and forth motion
• Fly-wheel
• Sister Tabitha Babbitt
• Invented the circular saw in 1810

14
Wheel and Axle

• Sindhi women and the rotary churn
• Meso-American culture
• Rollers
• Women Eskimos
• Maltas Temples

15
Primate Ethology

• Chimps used natural hammers when cracking nuts in
  Ivory Coast, Africa
• Coula nut easily use a rock on the ground or eat
  in the food tree
• Hard-shelled Panda nut
• Equal number ate the easy way
• Very few male chimps ate in the trees or ate the
  Panda nut.

16
Takeover Myth and History

• Semiramis
• 3 different Middle Eastern queens
• Sammuramat, Naqia, and Nitokris
• Sammuramat
• Assyrian Queen (ruled 810-738 BCE)
• War-like accomplishments
• Most likely the leader in her sons wars
• Invented or improved siege engines
• Capitalized on the chastity belt brought from
  Near East

17
Takeover Myth and History

• Naqia (ruled 5 generations later)
• Husband destroyed Babylon
• Large-flood control reservoir and flood walls
• Built mighty fortification wall, bridge across
  the Euphrates, two palaces, reservoir outside the
  city, and a temple
• Nitokris (Naqia in Herodotus)
• Legend of the subterranean hall, flooding it, and
  drowning the men who murdered her husband
• Used a new kind of arch when building the third
  pyramid of Giza
• Semiramis, Naqia, and Nitokris ruled in their
  own rights

18
Takeover Myth and History

• Hypatia of Alexandria
• Very beautiful and educated
• Professor of astronomy, math, philosophy, and
  mechanics
• Inventions include
• Astrolabe
• Method to distil water
• Instrument to measure water
• Hydroscope or hydrometer
• Brutally murdered by Christian fanatics
• Symbolizes the end of ancient science

19
Takeover The Printing Press

• Did women invent the printing press?
• Arguable
• 3 major improvements
• Wood Engraving
• 15th Century, Isabella Cunio and her twin brother
• Syllable Type
• 19th Century, unknown woman
• Problem with perfect registry
• 19th Century, Helen Bruneau Van Vechten

20
Takeover

• Religion
• Men were in charge/owned women including their
  inventions and patents
• Domesticating Women
• Loss of interaction with the environment
• Lack of education
• Lack of time
• Lack of money
• Marx View
• Men controlled resources (womens time)

21
Tools of the Ancient World

• Egypt
• Level
• Square
• Scale
• Mallet

22
Tools of the Ancient World

• Egypt
• Chisel
• Sketch
• Pigment
• Boning Rods

23
Tools of the Ancient World

• China
• Foundry
• Hydraulics and Irrigation
• Two Man Silk Loom

24
The Mill

• New Process Millstone Flour Mill, 1878
• Water Powered Mills
• Vitruvian Mechanism
• Rock to agitate the hopper to create an automatic
  feed
• Vertical versus horizontal blade alignment in
  water
• Gear ratios

25
Medieval Catapult

• Could bring Castles down
• Hurl projectiles great distances
• Assembled on site
• Trebuchet and ballista

26
Leonardo DaVincci

• Calculating machine
• Each complete turn changed a wheel
• 13 wheels
• Other Machines
• Emergency Bridge
• Grindstone with Sieve

27
Landmark 19th Century Machines

• McCormick Reaper
• Woman nailed shears on a board and wired them so
  one wire opened them and the other closed them
• Revolutionize the agriculture industry
• Small Electric Motor
• Emily Goss Davenport tore her wedding dress to
  wind the silk around the coils of an electro
  magnet
• Are vital to household appliances

28
Landmark 19th Century Machines

• Burden Horseshoe Machine
• Feminists of the 19th and 20th Centuries
  confidently claim that this machine was invented
  by a woman, but there are no names.
• Cut the cost of horseshoes, improved horse drawn
  traveling

29
Landmark 19th Century Machines

• Sewing Machine
• Helen Augusta Blanchard zigzag stitch
• Nina H Piffard and Eva J. Hall self-threading
  needle
• Dishwasher
• Josephine G. Cochran first commercial
  dishwasher

30
Landmark 19th Century Machines

• Washing Machine
• Martha H. Sanderson Washing fluid
• Margaret Plunkett Colvin Triumph Rotary Washer
• Typewriter
• Lizzy Streshley Machine for the blind
• Anna M. Rothert Upper case treadle attachment

31
Landmark 19th Century Machines

• Electrical
• Mary Riggins Railway crossing gate
• Elizabeth E. Bell Telephone mouthpiece
• Domestic Labor Saving
• Nancy Graham 2 stove patents
• Sarah B. Stearns Improved carpet cleaner
• Industrial and Manufacturing
• Mary Dixon Kies straw weaving machine
• Mary Jane Montgomery improved apparatus for
  punching corrugated metal

32
Landmark 19th Century Machines

• Office Machines
• Ellie N. Sperry Check punch
• Mary E. Winter Adding machine
• Power Generation and Engines
• Maria Beasley Steam generator
• Margaret Knight Rotary factory-driving engines
• Transportation
• Annie H. Chilton Combination horse detacher and
  brake
• Sarah P. Mather Submarine telescope and lamp

33
Landmark 19th Century Machines

• Key Women Inventers
• Mlle Crepin Band saw in 1846
• Mary Jane Montgomery
• Improved war vessel, improvement for
• locomotive wheels, bridge
• Harriet Ruth Tracey 16 patents
• Elevators, sewing machines, fire escape, stove
• Maria E. Beasley 14 patents
• Barrel making machines, Barrel-setting-up
  machine, steam generator, anti-derailment device