Abacus

1
Abacus

• 3000 B.C.
• Beads for counting
• Merchants used for transactions

2
Pascals Pacaline

• 1642
• Numerical wheel calculator
• Used by tax collector
• 8 wheels with 10 notches
• Wheel moves 10x to move next wheel 1x
• Wheels represent 1s, 10s, 100s, etc
• Could only add

3
Leibnizs Mechanical Multiplier

• 1694
• Used gears and dials
• Add and multiply

• Not until 1820 - mechanical calculator that could
  - /

4
Jacquards Loom

• 1820
• Used punched cards
• Controlled patterns to be woven

5
Babbages Difference Engine

• 1822
• Perform differential equations
• Powered by steam
• Size of a steam engine
• Could store a program
• Worked on it for 10 yrs

6
Babbages Analytical Engine

• 1833
• 1st general purpose COMPUTER
• 50,000 components
• Size of a football field Never constructed
• Worked with Countess of Lovelace - 1st programmer

7
Analytical Engine contd

• 4 machines
• Store (memory)
• Mill (computational unit
• Input (punch card reader
• Output - punched or printed

• The store capacity was 1000 words of 50 decimal
  digits used to hold variables and results.
• The mill could accept operands from the store,
  add, subtract, multiply or divide them, and
  return a result to the store.

8
Herman Hollerith

• 1886 - 1890
• US census usually took 10 yrs
• Hollerith used punched cards to store data and
  compiled data mechanically
• Census took 6 weeks
• Started IBM

9
1st Electronic Computer

• 1940
• John Atanasoff C. Berry
• Used boolean algebra to circuitry
• True/False On/Off
• Lost funding .

10
Atanasoff-Berry Computer

• the size of a desk,
• weighed 700 pounds,
• had over 300 vacuum tubes,
• contained a mile of wire.
• could calculate about one operation every 15
  seconds,
• today a computer can calculate 150 billion
  operations in 15 seconds

11
1st Generation - 1945 - 56

• wwII
• Zuse - cpu- r airplane design
• Clossus decoded German messages
• Mark I inventor Only six electronic digital
  computers would be required to satisfy the
  computing needs of the entire United States"
  Howard Aiken, 1947.

12
Mark I

• 55 feet long x 8 feet high, 5-ton
• 760,000 separate pieces.
• gunnery and ballistic calculations
• - /, 23 decimal places
• Input Pre-punched paper
• Output electric typewriter
• Storage mechanical wheels
• Speed 1 multiplication --gt3-5 seconds

13
Eckerts ENIAC

• 1940s
• Used 18000 vacuum tubes
• 160 Kilowatts
• General purpose computer
• 1000x faster than Mark I

14
ENIAC

• 500,000
• 167 square meters, 30 tons
• 357 multiplications in 1 second
• Input card reader, re-wiring - would take weeks
• Output printed
• Speed 357 multiplications in 1 second

15
John von Neumans EDVAC

• 1945
• Stored memory
• Stop and resume
• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Commercially available in 1951 as UNIVAC I
• Large and expensive

16
1st Generation Vacuum Tubes

• Unique operating instructions
• Different machine languages
• Difficult to program
• Big, expensive, and buggy
• Magnetic drums for storage

17
2nd Generation - 1956 - 63

• Used transistors
• Smaller, faster, more reliable
• Not as warm
• Assembly language used

18
UNIVAC

• 1,000,000
• Input magnetic tape/ card reader
• Output tape, printer, card
• Speed multiply time of 1,800 microseconds

19
Commercial successes

• Bought by business, universities, and governments
• General Electric - payroll
• Used printers, tape and disk storage, memory,
  Operating systems, stored programs

1952 UNIVAC Computer Used to Predict the 1952 US
Election, Walter Cronkite reading printer
output, tape drives in background
20
Companies of the Day

• Burroughs
• IBM
• Sperry-Rand
• Honeywell
• Others .

IBM 701 1952
21
Programming Languages

• Langauges gave cpu flexibility
• Stored programs
• High level languages -(COBOL, FORTRAN)
• New career --gt programmer, anaylst, system
  experts.

22
3rd Generation 1964 - 71

• Transistor replaced with IC - Integrated circuit
• 3 components on a silicon disc
• Smaller, faster
• OS allowed multi-tasking

23
PDP-1

• 120, 000
• OS allowed multi-users
• Spacewrs was first game (2 player)
• Output Cathode-Ray Tube

24
4th Generation 1971 - Present

• Large scale integration (LSI) 100 of components
  on a chip
• VLSI - 100,000 components
• ULSI - millions of components
• Increased power, efficiency, reliability

25
Intel 4004 Chip

• 1971
• Microprocessor
• All parts (Cpu, memory, input and output
  controls) on a chip
• Multi-purpose - cars, fridges, microwaves, tv
• Made for general consumer

26
Companies of the day

• Radio Shack
• Apple
• Commodore
• IBM
• Atari (1980)

27
Applications of the Day

• Spreadsheet
• Word Processors
• Video Games
• Pac-Man,

Visicalc - Apple 1979
28
IBMs PC

• Personal computer
• Home, office, school
• 2 million in 81, 65 million in 92
• Desktop - -gt laptop
• DOS typed line commands

29
Apples Macintosh

• 1984
• Used mouse to move or select icons no typing
• 512 Kb of memory

30
Basic Parts of a Computer
PROCESS
OUTPUT
INPUT
31
Hardware

• The physical parts of a computer.
• If you can touch it is hardware

32
Input Devices

• To get information into the processor
• Keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen, switches,
  camera, microphone, joystick ...

33
Output Devices

• Converts processed information into a form that
  can be used by/ aids humans
• Printer, monitor, speaker, switches,

34
Parts of the CPUCentral Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU
OUTPUT
INPUT
Control Unit
Main Memory Unit
35
Arithmetic UnitALU

• Does all of the arithmetic and logic
• Arithmetic - x /
• Logic ltgt, lt , gt lt, gt
• Computers convert everything to numbers and
  perform these operations.

36
Control Unit

• Controls the parts of the computer
• Tells the printer when to print
• Tells the cpu that keys are being pressed
• The Central Nervous System of the computer

37
Memory

• ROM
• Read Only Memory
• The initial instructions to get the computer
  working.
• Cannot be erased.
• Not lost when power is off.

• RAM
• Random access memory.
• Where application and data are stored while being
  used.
• Can be changed.
• Lost when power is off.

38
Software

• The information (instructions or data) that the
  computer processes
• Stored on hardware
• Loaded into RAM when used.
• More RAM more applications, larger documents,

39
Three Classifications of Software

• Operating System the instructions that run the
  computer (DOS, Windows, Mac OS, Linux, )
• Applications the programs that allow you to do
  specific activities (wp, ss, games, )
• Data - the information that is being processed
  (documents, files, images )

40
External Storage Devices

• Used to store data until it is needed again.
• Disks (floppy, harddrives), CD, DVD, Tape, Flash
  Memory.

41
Local Area Networks(LAN)

• Computers and resources connected together to
  share resources
• CWSSs LAN --- 200 CPUs and servers, printers, .

42
Wide Area NetworkWAN

• A network of computers and resources over a
  larger area.
• OCDSB . 200 sites and connection to internet

43
Internet

• International Network
• Shared resources world wide
• Files, e-mail, web pages
• Information Highway

44
World Wide Web(WWW)

• Browse web pages on servers located on internet
• EXPLORER, NETSCAPE, . And FIREFOX (new)

45
5th Generation

• Still to come
• AI artificial intelligence
• Voice recognition