The Physical Examination Cattle - II

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The Physical ExaminationCattle - II
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Procedures
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Equipment

• Halter
• Watch
• Stethoscope
• Large animal thermometer
• Black plate
• CMT paddle solution

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Equipment cont.

• Flashlight
• Rectal sleeve
• Betadine lube
• Ketone powder/stick
• 18-16g 1 inch needle
• Alcohol

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Equipment cont.

• Mouth gag
• Frick speculum
• Stomach tube
• Funnel/pump
• Rope

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Equipment cont.

• New methylene blue
• Slides
• Blood collection vials
• Balling gun
• Nose lead

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Basics

• Begins before touching animal
• Dont get focused on one abnormality
• Consistent routine
• Avoid becoming sidetracked
• Miss other abnormalities
• Done by regions, not systems
• Modified if no restraint fractious animal

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Physical Examination (PE)

• Proper restraint !
• Tail tone perineal reflex
• Rectal temperature
• Pulse (coccygeal artery)
• Skin hair coat
• Vulva mucous membranes
• Urine sample

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Urine sample

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Normal Values

• Rectal Temperature
• F C   
• Beef cow 101 38.3
• Dairy cow 101.5 38.6
• Young calf 101.8102.2 38.839
• Young cattle1yr 101.3 104.9 38.540.5
• Cattle gt 1 year 101.3104 38.540

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Normal Values

• Heart rate 40-80/min
• Calf first days of birth 116 141
• Calf 8-14 days old 108
• Calf 1 month old 105
• Calf 2 months 101
• Calf 3 months 99
• Calf 6 months 96
• Young cattle 1 yr 91
• Cow/ Ox Adult 70-90

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Normal Values

• Respiratory Rate 1030/ min
• Calf 4 days 56
• Calf 14 days 50
• Calf 5 weeks 37
• Young cattle 6 months 30
• Young cattle 1 yr 27
• Cattle adult 12-16

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Left neck

• Skin hydration
• Edema bottle jaw/ brisket edema
• Left jugular vein/mammary vein distended?
• Trachea Larynx
• Auscult compress
• Thyroid glands
• Not normally palpable
• Left superficial
• cervical lymph node

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Left thorax

• Heart (3rd 6th ICS)
• Apex caudal to the elbow, 6th ICS
• Base cranial elbow
• auscult note intensity, location, thrills
• rate (40-80/min)
• compare heart with pulse rate
• cardiac rhythm
• valve locations
• PAM 3rd, 4th (shoulder), 5th ICS

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CVS - Disease

• Tachycardia Infectious disease
• Bradycardia Vagal indigestion
• Muffled heart sounds pericardial and pleural
  effusion  
• Fevers Bacterial endocarditis and some cases of
  lymphosarcoma
• Murmurs most common cause is bacterial
  endocarditis primarily in tricuspid valve than
  mitral valve on the left. 
• Secondary to GI diseases such as "hardware",
  traumatic reticulopericarditis Muffled heart
  sounds with or without a washing machine-like
  murmur, distended jugular veins, jugular pulse
  and brisket edema
• Atrial fibrillation causes a irregularly,
  irregular heart beat, and is generally associated
  with a GI problem such as an LDA.

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Left thorax

• Respiratory system
• Auscult smaller area 11th rib
• Normal lung sounds louder on inspiration than
  expiration (loudest in the ventral lung fields). 
  
• Hold nostrils for better auscult
• Pneumonia (consolidated lung) increased sounds
  in ventral lung field. 
• Crackles and wheezes are abnormal lung sounds. 
• Palpate the tracheal to try and induce a cough. 

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Left foreleg

• Inspection palpation
• Note if any evidence
• of
• heat
• pain
• swelling
• redness
• skin temperature

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Left Abdominal area

• Rumen
• inspection, palpation
• auscult frequency character
• Ping (fluid-gas)
• Abomasum LDA
• Rumen normal unless otherwise (palpate for
  rumen)
• 1-3/minute
• 1º rumen/reticulum
• 2º rumen only

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Pinch and Grunt Tests

• Withers scootch test (Pinch)
• Normal flex back ventrally when her withers are
  pinched as seen above.
• Abnormal not flex ventrally GI pain
• hardware, abomasal ulcers, or distention of the
  small intestine with gas
• Grunt test
• Plank/ hand and knee on xiphoid
• Pain cow grunts (auscult trachea inspiration),
  kicks, or acts uncomfortable

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Back

• Mammary lymph nodes
• Shape symmetry of
• abdomen/thorax
• Pear Abnormal apple/papple
• Feces
• Mammary glands
• Milk samples
• Subcutaneous abdominal
• veins

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Black cup
CMT results
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• Foul smell and necrotic odor
• Arcanobacterium pyogenes
• (another)anaerobe
• Watery milk, swollen udder
• Coliforms
• Watery and red, sick cow
• Staph aureus poor prognosis

• Subclinical mastitis contagious
  organismsStaphylococcus aureus,
• Streptococcus agalactia, Mycoplasma bovis
• Clinical mastitis
• Environmental organisms Strep. nonag. Group50
• Coliform organisms (Eschericia coli, Klebsiella,
  Enterobacter sp., etc.)
• 90 of the time

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Right Thorax

• Heart (apex 6th ICS)
• Triscuspid 3rd ICS
• Respiratory system

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Right neck
Jugular vein
Jugular Refill

• Superficial prescapular
• lymph node
• Pre-femoral

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Right Abdomen

• GI
• Pings
• Normal cecum, spiral colon, small intestine,
  duodenum, uterus (after calving), peritoneum,
  rectum
• Abnormal
• distended or displaced cecum
• RDA and RTA (right abomasal torsion) cranial to
  the 8th to 10th rib
• Liver
• Fatty liver

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Right Foreleg

• Inspection palpation
• Note if any evidence of
• heat
• pain
• swelling
• redness
• skin temperature

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Head

• Posture of head ears
• Neurological dz
• Symmetry
• Facial expression
• Eye movements
• Nostrils
• Discharge, odor, ulcers

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Rectal Examination

• Last to avoid pneumorectum
• Presence consistency of manure
• Pressure
• Pelvic bones
• Left
• Rumen size, position,
• Left Kidney size, position, pain

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Rectal cont.

• Females - cervix, vagina, uterus, ovaries
• Males base of penis, accessory sex glands,
• internal inguinal rings
• Urolithiasis size of ureters? Pulsations?
• Right - abnormal vicera, distended spiral
  colon, cecum, small intestines

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Vaginal Examination

• Pre-calving
• Post calving
• Before rectal examination
• Wash
• Note for any evidence of
• Tears vaginal cervical
• Retained fetal membranes
• Metritis

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Palpation pregnant cow
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Palpation pregnant cow
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Palpation pregnant cow
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Vaginal Exam

• Cervix predominantly pelvic and freely movable
• Normal nonpregnant uterus
• Pregnancies up to 60 to 70 days
• Postparturient involution more than 14 days after
  parturition
• Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates or
  secretion lt2 liters
• Chronic metritis without appreciable accumulation
  of exudates
• Cervix abdominal and fixed
• Pregnancies after 70 days
• Uninvoluted postpartum tract
• Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates gt2 liters
• Extensive adhesions
• Tumors (Lymphosarcoma)