Current Threat

1
Current Threat
2
GCP-2 Series

• Mounted
• Individual
• Crew Served Weapons
• Weaver rail mount (V1)
• V-Block mount (V2)
• Classification
• 3b
• GCP 2A NOHD 246m
• OD 2.2

3
AN/AAG-22 Navigational Thermal Imaging System
(NTIS)

• NOHD
• Unaided 720 m
• 7 X 50 binocs 4 km
• 8 cm optics 6.1 km
• 12 cm optics 8.6 km

• Laser type NdYAG
• Wavelength 1064 nm
• Energy per pulse 12.1 mJ
• Classification 3b
• Laser eye protection unaided 4.1
  
• aided 5.3

4
AH-1W Night Targeting System (NTS)

• Laser type NdYAG
• Wavelength 1064 nm
• Output power Classified
• Classification 4
• Laser eye protection unaided 3.5
  aided 5.2

• NOHD
• Unaided 15 km
• 7 X 50 binocs 48 km
• 8 cm optics 59 km
• 12 cm optics 69 km

5
IZLID II

• Laser type Gallium Arsenide
• Wavelength 870 nm
• Output power 840 mW
• Classification IV
• Laser eye protection unaided 3.0
  aided 3.0

• NOHD
• Unaided 248m
• 3 cm optics 1.63 km
• 12 cm optics 2.55 km

6
LASERS ON THE BATTLEFIELD
BELGIUMs TM-007 LASER POINTER
7
Current Threat
8
CURRENT FOREIGN MILITARY LASER DEVICES
DAK-1
400
700
500
600
800
900
1000
300
200
1100
UV
INFRARED
VISIBLE
AIM (MLR EXL)TM-007 ANL-02 P-840 EUROATLAS LPL-
30/Z
RLD-2 LRF RLD-3 LRF MALOS NVL8700 ENOSA
LRF MEIRDIAN LRF ZOG 10.000 PZA-1 GAQ-4 LRF MTL-8
LRF TR 2M LRF HRLR HRLR-ES LRF KAZAN
APR-1 Norinco LR1
AIM-1/R AIM-1V POINTERS
100,000 In Use Today
9
LASER WEAPONS EFFECTS TEMPORARY
High Glare
HUD Symbols Washed Out
Beam Divergence Canopy Effects
NVG Not Bloomed
NVG Bloomed
10
Laser Pointer

• Used as Classroom aid
• Misused as childrens toy, dating device,
  interference for the home team, small arms
  targeting and antiaircraft device.
• Uses a red laser LED operating at approximately
  630 to 670 nm
• NOHD from 0 to 15 metres depending on
  manufacturer.
• Dazzle range can be many 100 feet.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Laser Spectrum
CORNEAL EYE DAMAGE
RETINAL EYE DAMAGE
ULTRA-VIOLET
INFRARED
VISIBLE
GALLIUM ARSENIDE
HELIUM NEON
DOUBLE NEODYMIUM
CARBON DIOXIDE
NITROGEN GAS
HELIUM NEON
HELIUM NEON
NEODYMIUM YAG
RED RUBY
ALEXANDRITE
PINK RUBY
ARGON
XENON FLOURIDE
XENON CHLORIDE
ERBIUM
10600nm
1064nm
1118nm
1207nm
3300nm
1540nm
488nm
514nm
532nm
633nm
694nm
700nm
704nm
830nm
870nm
308nm
nm 300 400 500 600 700 800
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
3000 4000 9000 10000
Å 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 30000
40000 90000 100000
?m 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
1.4 3.0 4.0
9.0 10.00
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Injury Mechanism
14
Cross Section of Human Eye
Choroid
Sclera
Retina
Aqueous Humor
Lens
Optic Nerve

Pupil

Optic Disc

Fovea
Cornea
Vitrious Body
Iris
Macula
15
Spectral Sensitivity of Human Eye
16
Absorption Characteristics
Far Ultraviolet Far Infra-red
Near Ultraviolet
Near Infra-red Visible
17
Biological Effects
UV-C
UV-B
UV-A
Visible
IR-A
IR-B
IR-C
100 280 315 400 760
1400 3000 106
Photokeratitis
Retinal Burns
Corneal Burns
Cataracts
Cataracts
Erythema
Color Vision Night Vision Degradation
Thermal Skin Burns
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There must be a transfer of energy beyond the
absorption/dissipation capability of the target,
for damage (physical or biological) to occur.
19
Eye Injury (low powered CW laser)
Damage Threshold
MPE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
20
Eye Injury (higher powered CW lasers)
Damage Threshold
MPE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
21
Eye Injury (low energy Pulsed laser)
Damage Threshold
MPE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
22
Eye Injury (higher energy Pulsed lasers)
Damage Threshold
MPE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
23
Eye Injury
24
Eye Injury
25
Eye Injury
26
Eye Injury
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Eye Injury
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NOHD/OD Calculations
Maximum pupil diameter 7mm
at exit port
Radiant energy in excess of the MPE enters the
eye striking the retina. O.D. requirement 4.3 _at_
1064 nm
30
NOHD/OD Calculations
Maximum pupil diameter 7mm
lt 17 km from source
While reduced in power, radiant energy in excess
of the MPE continues to strike the retina. O.D.
requirement is less than 4.3 _at_ 1064 nm calculated
for specific distance.
31
NOHD/OD Calculations
Maximum pupil diameter 7mm
gt 17 km from source
Radiant energy less than the MPE strikes the
retina. No LEP required as there is no
possibility of biological damage unless...
32
NOHD/OD Calculations
lt 73.5 km from source
... magnifying optics are placed in the beam
path. OD requirement of 5.4 _at_ 1064 nm.
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Laser Eye Protection

• Absorbs or reflects
• wavelength specific
• Proper OD reqd
• MUST BE USED

34
Laser Eye Protection
Percent Optical Reduction
Transmittance Density Factor 100.
0 0 10. 1 10 1.
2 100 0.1
3 1,000 0.01 4 10,000
0.001 5 100,000 0.0001
6 1,000,000
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Reflection
36
Absorption
37
Ideal LEP
100
90
T r a n s m i t t a n c e
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
300
500
700
900
1100
Wavelength nm
38
Realistic LEP
400 600 800
1000 1200
Percent Transmittance
400 600 800
1000 1200
Optical Density
39
LEP wavelength specific
634 nm 633 nm 630-670 nm 4 mw
1 mw 2 mw
40
LEP wavelength specific
634 nm 633 nm 630-670 nm 4 mw
1 mw 2 mw
41
Colour Perception
42
Colour Perception
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Incident/Accident Response
44
Post - Accident Procedures
45
Post Accident Procedures

• Recognising a Potential Injury
• Suspected exposure
• After image (visible lasers)
• Blurred vision
• Pain and tearing
• Conjunctivitis

46
Post Accident Procedures

• Injury Response
• Response is time critical
• Report to Supervisor
• Report to medical authorities
• Testing and Treatment
• Follow-up

47
Post Accident Procedures
48
Post Accident Procedures
49
Post Accident Procedures
From Safety with Lasers and Other Optical
Sources. Sliney and Wolbarsht, 1980