Ovine and Caprine Surgery

1
Chapter 16
Ovine and Caprine Surgery
2
Its not that Im so smart, its just that I
stay with problems longer. Albert Einstein
3
Objectives

• basic differences between standing surgical
  procedures and general anesthesia procedures.
• Prepare a sheep or goat for surgery.
• Assist and/or perform induction and maintenance
  of anesthesia.
• Provide anesthetic monitoring.
• Manage the patient during recovery and immediate
  postoperative periods.
• basic risks and possible complications associated
  with anesthesia and surgery, and implement
  preventive measures when indicated.

4
Key Terms

• Buck odor
• Descenting
• Elastrator
• Fly strike
• Hypoglycemia
• Laparotomy
• Malacia
• Meningitis

• Supernumerary teats
• Tetanus
• Trocar
• Urinary Calculi

5
Reading Assignment

• Chapter 16 Sheep and Goat Surgeries

6
Surgery

• Similar to cattle
• NPO Food - 12 to 24 hours dont withhold water
• Lambs and kids consuming solid food material -
  fasted for 2 to 4 hours.
• Fasting is not recommended in neonates.
• Low risk of regurgitation as rumen/reticulum not
  functional
• Hypoglycemia is common

7
Local Anesthetic

• Sheep, and goats especially, are more sensitive
  to lidocaine.
• May be toxic at 10 mg/kg (cattle gt 13 mg/kg)
  total dose.
• Do not use in concentrations greater than 2.
• Dilute to 0.5 1
• lidocaine toxicity muscular tremors,
• severe depression, hypotension ,
• occasionally convulsions

8
Blocks

• L block
• Most common
• A 18- to 20-gauge 1 to 1 1/2 inches in length
• Procedure same as cattle 
• Paravertebral block dont need trocar
• A 18- to 20-gauge 1 1/2- to 3-in spinal needle
• Use 0. 2 to 5 ml of lidocaine per site
• Distal paravertebral approach 20- to 22-gauge
  1-in needle, 2 to 4 ml

9
Local Blocks
10

• Docking (91 ), castrating (78), and
  disbudding are management practices routinely
  performed on sheep and goat farms.
• Maintaining a high standard of animal welfare
  should
• be a consideration in all decisions related to
  docking, castrating, and disbudding.

11
Cornuectomy
12
Blocks (contd)

• Cornual nerve block
• Goats Dual nerve supply
• Lacrimal nerve cornual branch
• Depth 1 to 1.5 cm
• A 22- to 23-gauge 1-in needle
• 0.5 1 ml for kids 2-4 ml adults
• Infratrochlear nerve cornual branch
• Depth 0.5 cm
• A 22- to 25-gauge needle
• 0.5 ml for kids 1-3 ml adults
• Sheep are rarely dehorned.
• Lacrimal nerve cornual branch

13
Anesthesia for dehorning in the goat. A, Needle
placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of
the lacrimal nerve. B, Needle placement for
desensitizing the cornual branch of the
infratrochlear nerve
14
Blocks (contd)

• Intravenous regional analgesia (Bier Block)
• A 22- to 25-gauge needle
• Up to 10 ml of anesthetic
• Caudal epidural analgesia
• A 18- to 21-gauge 1- to 1 1/2-inch needle for
  caudal epidural
• Not gt than 0.5 1 ml of 2 lidocaine/ 50 kg.
  body weight of sheep and goat

15
General Anesthesia

• Same concerns as with cattle
• Inhalant gases
• Facemask induction lt 150 lb
• Oxygen (3 to 5 L/min) is given for 1 to 2
• minutes before introducing anesthetic gas
• Halothane 3 - 4
• Isoflurane 3
• Sevoflurane 4 6
• Endotracheal 10 to 12 mm in adults
• Heart rate 80 to 150 beats per minute
• Pre anesthesia diazepam ketamine - propofol

16
General Anesthesia (contd)
Long blade laryngoscope
17
Castration

• Usually done in week 1
• Urinary calculi
• Can wait till 5-6 months in pets to reduce
  incidence of urinary calculi
• Castrate before sexual maturity
• Adults
• Hemorrhage
• Sedated

18
Castration

• Done in the same manner as calves
• with a blade
• Age
• Goats and sheep 2 to 4
• weeks of age
• Pigs 1 to 21 days of age
• Anesthetic
• None is needed for sheep, cattle, pigs, or goats
• Should give tetanus antitoxin to goat and sheep
• Can use antibiotics as preventative
• Sheep and goats can be banded (emasculator bands)

19

• 10 days later

20
(contd)
Emasculatone spermatic cord
Emasculator bands
21
Castration small ruminants

• Burdizzo emasculatome
• Crushes the spermatic cord
• which crushes the blood vessels
• (thus depriving the testicles of
• blood supply) and causing them to
• shrivel up and die
• Dont use cattle-size Burdizzo
• By six weeks of age

22
Newberry Knife
23
Dehorning

• US dairy goats cannot be registered/ shown if
  they have horns
• Disbudding heat cautery

24
Dehorning (contd)
25
Tail Docking Sheep

• Reasons
• Improve sanitary conditions Wool gets saturated
  with urine and feces
• Increase productivity in ewes Tail will not get
  in the way when bred
• Appearance Show animals
• Age
• Before 2 weeks of age
• Can do it 24 hours after birth if lambs are big

26
Tail Docking (contd)

• Reasons to dock early
• Less trauma and stress
• Less bleeding
• Types of tail docking
• Sharp pocket knife
• Emasculatone
• Emasculator
• Hot docking irons
• Elastrator
• Pruning shears

27
Tail Docking (contd)

• Procedure
• Place tail on firm base.
• Cut 1 inch from body.
• Closer can cause prolapse
• Force skin toward body so excessive skin will
  cover end when done.
• Place the knife on the tail, and cut between the
  vertebra with a forward and downward motion.
• Spray with iodine.
• Pinch dock between fingers, if excessive
  bleeding.

28
(No Transcript)
29
C-Section

• Left flank with the female in right lateral
  recumbency
• The head should not be elevated
• L block
• Clip and surgical preparation
• Neonates
• Clear the airways
• Confirm pulse and respiration
• Dry and warm
• Treat the umbilical cord
• Close with multilayer suture
• Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories

30
Supernumerary Teats

• Serrated scissors
• Cut craniocaudal

31
Descenting

• Removes buck odor
• Rut urinate head, beard, forelegs
• castration
• Primary scent glands
• Caudomedial base of each horn
• Performed at any age
• They may be removed during the dehorning
  procedure by extending the skin incisions to
  include them.
• At other ages Under sedation and local
  anesthesia
• Sutures can be used to close the skin
• Breeding females may reject males that lack this
  scent.

32
Disbudding The electric iron is now being used
to destroy the scent gland areas on this male
kid. The white arrow indicates the location of
the second scent gland that will be burned next.
33
References

• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical
  Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd
  Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN 97803223077323