Europe

1
Europe

• Unit 4 Chapter 12

2
History Government(major events)

• Ancient Greece Rome laid foundations of
  Europe Western civilization
• Greeks introduced ideas of democracy, art,
  literature, drama, philosophy, mathematics,
  medicine highly influential

3
The Roman Empire

• 27 B.C. 476 A.D.
• (The fall of the Roman Empire
• began in 398 A.D.)

4
1st Emperor of Rome

• Historians usually date the beginning of the
  Roman Empire from 27 BC when the Roman Senate
  gave Octavius the name Augustus and he became the
  first emperor after many years of bitter civil
  war.

5
The Roman Empire

• Although the Roman Empire began in the city of
  Rome, it gradually expanded over hundreds of
  years to include what are today known as North
  Africa, the Middle East, southern England, Spain,
  Switzerland, Austria, and parts of Germany and
  France.

6
The Roman Empire

• Roman Empire imitated Greeks (art, literature,
  science, architecture)
• Had own developments in government, law, and
  engineering built vast network of roads,
  bridges aqueducts

7
The Roman Army

• was spread throughout Western Europe.
• each part had its own idea as to who should be
  emperor.
• When one part succeeded in putting its own man
  into the position of emperor, another part of the
  army would fight to put its own man in power.
• From 211-284 AD, there were 23 soldier-emperors
  - and 20 of these men were killed by rivals!

8
Emperor Diocletian

• 284 AD - he realized that something had to be
  done or the Roman Empire would disintegrate.
• He decided to divide the Roman Empire in two to
  make it easier to rule - he created the Western
  Empire and the Eastern Empire, each with its own
  leader.

9
Why was the empire attacked by these fierce
tribes of people?

• Tribes such as the Goths wanted to move south
  into parts of Europe that experienced a better
  climate that would assist their farming.
• This, of course, could only bring them into
  conflict with the Romans
• Also, in about AD 190, Rome also experienced a
  succession of emperors who did a very poor job of
  ruling and thus the Roman Empire became weaker
  much easier to conquer.

10
Emperor Constantine

• In the late 300s became the first Christian
  emperor of Rome
• made Christianity the official religion of the
  Roman Empire
• Emperor from 306 to 337.
• 1st Roman emperor to convert to Christianity
  (issued the Edict of Milan in 313) which
  proclaimed tolerance of all religions throughout
  the empire.

11
Emperor Constantine

• Constantine moved the capital of the empire from
  Rome to the city of Byzantium.
• This left the western empire very vulnerable
• He built a new city on the site of the city of
  Byzantium and named it Constantinople after
  himself.
• Today the city is called Istanbul is located in
  the country of Turkey.

12
The Fall of Rome

• 398 AD, the leader of the Visigoths realized that
  the Roman Army was so thinly spread, that Rome
  itself was for the taking.
• The Visigoths moved cautiously south in
  410 AD he captured the city of Rome. The city was
  sacked.
• In 455 AD , Rome was attacked again. This time
  the damage was done by the Vandals. The city
  suffered serious damage.

13
The Fall of Rome

• In 476 AD, the last Roman emperor in the west,
  Romulus, was removed from power by the leader of
  the Goths.
• This date is usually used by historians as the
  year the Roman Empire ended.

14
The Roman Empire

• The grandeur of Rome has had long-lasting effects
  on the societies of the entire world.
• Evidence of the brilliance and creativity of the
  Romans can be found in many modern countries
  remains of roads, walls, baths, basilicas,
  amphitheaters, and aqueducts.
• These show the technological advances made by the
  engineers and architects of the Roman Empire.

15
The Roman Empire

• Many modern civic buildings have been built using
  the Romanesque styling.
• Perhaps the most important and far-reaching
  contributions were their administrative
  institutions - the legal codes and government
  systems - that have influenced western political
  life.

16
Roman Empire

• As the western part of the Roman Empire,
  including the city of Rome, began to be taken
  over by invading tribes, the eastern part of the
  Roman Empire continued to be successful and the
  city of Constantinople grew.
• Constantinople was more easily defended from
  intruders than the city of Rome and was therefore
  able to avoid being taken over.

17
Roman Empire

• The city of Constantinople became
  the center of the Byzantine Empire.
• The people of Constantinople carried on the
  traditions and culture of the Roman Empire, but
  since the city is located where Europe and Asia
  meet, the Byzantine Empire slowly became a
  mixture of Asian, Roman, and Greek cultures and
  people.
• After Constantine, the most famous Byzantine
  leader was the Emperor Justinian who together
  with his wife, Theodora, ruled from 527 A.D. to
  565 A.D.

18
Roman Empire

• Roman law was used as a reference by later
  governments to write the laws for their
  countries.
• Two examples of characteristics of Roman law
• the law considered above all the rights of
  individuals
• a person is innocent until proven guilty.
• Are these characteristics similar to the laws we
  have today in the United States?
• Why these are important laws?
• What would happen if these laws did not exist?

19
Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire

• Late 300s, Christianity became the official
  religion of the Roman Empire
• Was ruled by TWO emperors Eastern half
  Western half developed different cultures,
  politics, and religious traditions formed.

20
Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire

• In the 400s, Germanic groups overthrew Roman rule
  in the western half of Roman Empire.
• When the Western half fell, the Eastern half of
  the Roman Empire became known as Byzantine Empire
  with the capital still at Constantinople.

21
Byzantine Empire

• 3951453 A.D.

(AKAEastern Roman Empire)
22
Byzantine Empire

• Emperor Heraclius made sweeping reforms, forever
  changing the face of the Roman Empire.
• Greek was readopted as the language of government
  - thus Latin influence faded.

23
Byzantine Empire

• By 610, the eastern part of the Roman Empire had
  come under Greek influence and evolved into what
  modern historians now call the Middle Age
  Byzantine Empire, although the Empire was never
  called that by its contemporaries.

24
Byzantine Empire

• The Byzantines continued to call themselves
  Romans until their fall to Ottoman Turks in 1453.
  
• ? That year the eastern part of the Roman Empire
  was ultimately ended by the Fall of
  Constantinople.

25
Byzantine Empire

• Even though Mehmed II - the conqueror of
  Constantinople, declared himself the Emperor of
  the Roman Empire, but Constantine XI, ?
  emperor of the Byzantine Empire during 1453 - is
  considered the last Roman Emperor.

26
The Middle Ages

• AD 500 to 1500
• Began after the Fall of Rome
• Is considered the period between ancient and
  modern times
• Feudalism developedsystem in which monarchs or
  lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges
  of loyalty.
• This replaced centralized government

27
Feudalism

• During the Middle Ages, peasants could no longer
  count on the Roman army to protect them.
• German, Viking, and Magyar (the largest ethnic
  group of the Huns in Hungary) tribes overran
  homes and farms throughout Europe.
• The peasants turned to the landowners, often
  called lords, to protect them.
• Many peasants remained free, but most became
  serfs.

28
Feudalism

• A serf was bound to the land.
• He could not leave w/o buying
• his freedom, an unlikely
• occurrence in the Middle Ages.
• Life for a serf was not much
• better than the life of a slave.
• - Only difference a serf could not be sold to
  another manor.

29
Expansion of Europe

• 1000s western European armies fought the
  Crusades a series of brutal religious wars to
  win Palestine (birthplace of Christianity)
• Failed to win permanent control of region, but
  did extend trade routes to eastern Mediterranean
  world
• 1300s Renaissance began 300 year period of
  discovery learning great advances in European
  civilization

30
Renaissance

• Europeans made many great scientific discoveries
  and inventions, explored other regions of the
  world, and created great works of art, literature
  and music.
• New interest in cultures of ancient Greece Rome
• Scientific advances made Gutenberg press
  (movable type in printing)
• The increase in the production of books aided in
  religious movement called The Reformation
  lessened power of Roman Catholic Church
• Beginnings of Protestantism

31
The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Turkish???? ????? ??????? Devlet-i
Âliye-yi Osmâniyye

• 1299 to 1922

32
The Ottoman Empire

• Othman was the founder of the Ottoman Empire in
  what is now known as Balkan Peninsula.
• Othman at first raided Christian territory. He
  found many Arabs, Iranians, and Turkmen nomads
  willing to follow him for money.
• In 1326, his son, Orhan, captured Bursa, Turkey.
  This gave the Ottomans a military and
  administrative base.
• Finally Constantinople (now Istanbul) was
  captured by Mehmed II in 1453.

33
The Ottoman Empire

• The empire had a practice of taking Christian
  children as tribute and training them to be
  feared soldiers and able administrators of taxes.
  
• These Christian captives were called Janissaries.

34
The Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire was a force to be reckoned
  with and was at its height under Suleyman. ?
• After Suleyman retired, the empire began to go
  downhill.

35
Changing Europe

• The Enlightenment (AKA Age of Reason)
• late 1600s to early 1700s
• led to political and economic revolutions
• emphasized the importance of reason
  questioning long-standing traditions values

36
Changing Europe

• English Bill of Rights - limited the monarchy
• French Revolution - overthrew the monarchy
  spread ideals of democracy
• 1800s - uprisings challenged power of monarchs
• The Industrial Revolution began in England
  spread to other countries.
• Power-driven machinery new methods of
  production - transformed life in Europe
• Middle class developed
• Early 1900s - 2 world wars resulte in major
  changes in Europe

37
First half of the 1900sEurope was the center of
devastating wars

• The complex system of alliances and Great Power
  support was extremely unstable
• Among the Balkan groups harboring resentments
  over past defeats, the Serbs maintained
  particular animosity toward the Austro-Hungarian
  annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

38
First half of the 1900sEurope was the center of
devastating wars

• Leading to WWI
• In June 1914, a Serbian terrorist assassinated
  Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of
  Austria-Hungary, which then held the Serbian
  government responsible.

39

• Princip attempted suicide, first with the use of
  his pistol after the assassination, then by
  ingesting cyanide, but he vomited the past-date
  poison. The pistol was wrestled from his hand
  before he had a chance to fire another shot.
• Princip was too young to receive the death
  penalty, being 27 days short of his 20 birthday
  at the time of the assassination.
• Instead, he received the maximum sentence of 20
  years in prison.
• He was held in harsh conditions which were
  worsened by the war. He contracted
  tuberculosis, and had one of his arms amputated
  in prison when the disease infected an arm bone.
• He died on April 28, 1918 at Terezín (a place
  which, under the Nazi regime, in the 1940s, would
  become infamous as the Theresienstadt
  concentration camp), 3 years 10 months after he
  assassinated the Archduke and Duchess.
• At the time of his death, Princip weighed around
  88 lbs, weakened by malnutrition, blood loss from
  his amputated arm, and disease.

40
First half of the 1900sEurope was the center of
devastating wars

• Leading to WWI
• Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to Serbia.
  Serbia believed that the terms were too
  humiliating to accept.
• Although Serbia did submit to the ultimatum,
  Austria-Hungary declared the response
  unsatisfactory and recalled its ambassador.
• This gives Austria an excuse to declare war on
  Serbia.

41
First half of the 1900sEurope was the center of
devastating wars

• Leading to WWI (cont)
• Russia supported Serbia.
• Once the Serbian response was rejected, the
  system of alliances began to operate
  automatically, with Germany supporting
  Austria-Hungary and France backing Russia.
• When Germany invaded France through Belgium, the
  conflict escalated into World War I.

42
Sinking of the Lusitania

• The Lusitania was an American passenger ship
  traveling to Britain (that we were SECRETLY
  transporting weapons on)
• It was torpedoed by a German submarine b/c
  Germany had suspicions that it WAS carrying
  weapons.
• We claim it was NOT carrying weapons
• This event causes the USA to enter the war
  against Germany 1917.

43
Bloody Sunday Massacre

• January 22, 1905 - "Bloody Sunday Massacre" by
  Tsarist troops in St. Petersburg left Russian
  workers dead and cost Tsar Nicholas support among
  the workers and farmers.
• Beginning of Communism

44
Mustard Gas

• The most deadly biological weapon that was used
  in the trenches.
• It was odorless took 12 hrs to take effect
• Very Powerful - only small amounts needed to be
  effective and it remained active for several
  weeks when it landed in the soil
• It made the skin blister, the eyes sore and the
  victim would start to vomit.
• It would cause internal and external bleeding,
  and would target the lungs.
• It could take up to 5 weeks to die!

45
Armenian Genocide

• 1.5 million Armenians were killed, out of a total
  of 2.5 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
  because they were Christian non-Muslim
  non-Turkish inhabitants should either be forcibly
  Islamized, or otherwise they ought to be
  destroyed
• American Protestant missionaries did the most to
  save the remnants of the death marches, the
  orphaned children.
• Armenians all over the world commemorate this
  great tragedy on April 24, because it was on that
  day in 1915 when 300 Armenian leaders, writers,
  thinkers and professionals in Constantinople
  (present day Istanbul) were rounded up, deported
  and killed.
• Also on that day in Constantinople, 5,000 of the
  poorest Armenians were butchered in the streets
  and in their homes.

46
World War I - Summary

• WWI (1914-1918) began from rivalries among
  European powers for colonies economic power
• Monarchies collapsed in Austria-Hungary, Germany
  Russia other countries
• Versailles Peace Treaty found Germany guilty of
  starting the war
• Demands that Germany make Reparations for
  damages
• Economic depression started after the war

47
Versailles Peace Treaty

• Treaty between Germany and the Allies.
• Germany was forced to pay heavily for her defeat.
  
• Germany had to take responsibility for starting
  the war and had to pay reparations (about 393.6
  Billion!).
• Germany was also divided in two.
• It was a very harsh treaty!
• This is essentially the cause of WWII

48
Adolf Hitler, 1923

• So it had all been in vain.
• In vain
• all the sacrifices and privations...
• In vain
• the hours in which, with moral fear clutching at
  our hearts we nevertheless did our duty
• In vain
• the deaths of two millions ... had they died for
  this?
• So that a gang of wretched criminals could lay
  their hands on the Fatherland.

49
World War II

• Dictators able to take control in Italy Germany
  - Mussolini Hitler
• Expanded their territoriesWWII broke out in 1939
• By 1945, most of Europe rest of world were
  involved
• Holocaustkilling of more than 6 million European
  Jews others by the Nazis

50
Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7th, 1941

• Exactly 70 years ago today, Japan launched more
  than 350 fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes
  against the U.S. naval base in Hawaii -- a "date
  which will live in infamy," in the words of
  President Franklin Roosevelt. In fact, that
  Sunday morning is so seared into America's memory
  that the tumult of the weeks and months afterward
  is often overlooked.

51
World War II to the Cold War

• Europe was left ruined divided by WWII
• Most of Eastern Europe came under communist
  control
• Western Europe backed democracy received
  economic military support from the U.S.
• Cold War Western Europe became secure/ Eastern
  Europe lagged behind

52
Cold War

• 1945 to 1991 - revolts against Communist rule
  swept across Europe
• Berlin Wall came down - 1989
• 1990 - 2 Germanies reunited
• Czechoslovakia split into 2 countries
• Yugoslavia split (p. 292-3 in textbook!)

53
1945-1991

• After WWII, Europe was dived into Communist
  Eastern Europe backed by the Soviet Union and
  noncommunist Western Europe backed by the
  United States which resulted in a power
  struggle between the two sides called the Cold
  War.
• Europe endured the Cold War until revolts against
  communist rule in Eastern Europe led to the fall
  of communism.

54
Languages

• 50 different languages over 100 dialects of
  languages
• Almost all languages are in Indo-European
  familySlavic, Baltic, Germanic, Romance (come
  from Latin), Greek, Albanian Celtic
• Many countries have one or more official languages

55
Religion

• Christianity dominant religion deeply shaped
  European values, societies cultures
• Roman Catholicism largest Christian faith in
  Europe Southern Europe, parts of Western Europe
  northern part of Eastern Europe
• Protestant faiths (Lutheran, Anglican Reformed)
  in North Northwestern Europe
• Eastern Orthodox southern part of eastern
  Europe

56
Religion

• Muslims live in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovia,
  Bulgaria, and Kosovo
• Jewish communities found in all major cities
• ? Religious freedom did not come to Eastern
  Europe until fall of communism in later 1991.

57
Religious conflict

• Balkan Peninsula Roman Catholic Croats, Eastern
  Orthodox Serbs, Bosnian Muslims fought over
  land in Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Kosovo Serbs fought Albanian Muslims

58
Northern Ireland

• In Northern Ireland, Roman Catholics and
  Protestants have been in conflict for years.
• Conflict
• Roman Catholics want to be part of Ireland
• (mostly Catholic)
• Protestants favor keeping ties with the UK
• (mostly Protestant)
• Conflicts between Irish Catholics and Northern
  Irish Protestants stem from disagreements over
  whether to unify Ireland and/or remain under the
  British throne and a difference in religious
  beliefs.

59
Ethnic Diversity

• Results from centuries of migration, cultural
  diffusion, conflict changing borders
• Most Europeans descend from Indo-European or
  Mediterranean peoples
• Recent immigrants from Asia, Africa Caribbean
  during last 100 years

60
Ethnic Groups

• 160 ethnic groups
• Most countries have one major ethnic group Ex
  Sweden 89 are Swedes

61
Ethnic Tensions

• Some have led to armed conflict
• Balkan Peninsula
• 1990s battleground among Serbs, Croats, Bosnian
  Muslims, and Kosovar Albanians
• All had been united under communist-ruled
  Yugoslavia after WWII
• Ethnic tensions erupted after communism fell.

62
United Nations

• This includes 5 veto-wielding permanent members
  China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US based
  on the great powers that were the victors of
  World War II.

63
Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo

• Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo are sites of recent
  violent ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia.
• Ethnic hatreds here fueled the greatest European
  violence since WWII.
• Serbs instituted a program of ethnic cleansing,
  killing ethnic Albanians and expelling them
• International forces now keep peace in the
  region.

64
Population

• 3rd most populous continent
• High population density
• Highly industrialized urban areas near mineral
  resources fertile land

65
Urbanization

• Began during Industrial Revolution (late
  1700s)transformed Europe from rural,
  agricultural society to urban, industrial society
• People moved to cities to work in factories
• 75 of Europeans live in cities today
• Overcrowding pollution are problems

66
Population Movements

• 1800s to 1900s Europeans migrated to the
  Americas, parts of Africa the South Pacific
• Since mid-1900s, few have permanently migrated
• Now many are migrating to Europe
• Guest worker program started in 50s 60s to fill
  jobs
• Overall population is shrinkingsome of worlds
  lowest birthrates.

67
European Union

• In 2007, Turkey stated that they were aiming to
  comply with EU law by 2013, but Brussels has
  refused to back this as a deadline for
  membership.
• In a visit to Germany on 31 October 2012, Turkish
  Prime Minister made clear that Turkey was
  expecting membership in the EU to be realized by
  2023, the 100th Anniversary of the Turkish
  Republic.

68
A New Era for Europe

• Europe is unifying and rebuilding former
  communist economies
• The European Union formed in 1990s - organization
  whose goal was a united Europe in which goods,
  services, workers could move freely among
  member countries
• 1999 - Euro adopted as common currency
• 27 member nations as of 2011