Cancer

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Cancer

• Normal cells have regulation that keeps their
  rates of cell division in check.
• Normal cells generally remain in one location
• Cancer is unregulated growth of a cell population

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Characteristics of Benign Tumors and Cancers
Table 18.1
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Terms

• Hyperplasia increased formation
• Tumor new growth
• Benign tumors- have defined characteristics
• Dysplasia- cells change form
• Cancer- at least some cells loose organization.

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Tumors

• Benign
• Remain in one location
• Single, well-defined mass
• May be surrounded by connective tissue
• Cancerous
• Abnormal cell structure, may appear
  undifferentiated
• May spread
• Edge of tumor not clearly defined

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Malignant Tumor Development
Figure 18.2
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How cancers develop

• Is genetic in character
• Proto-oncogenes
• Oncogenes
• Tumor suppressor genes
• p53

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How Cancer Develops

• Mutated or damaged genes
• Proto-oncogenes normal regulatory genes
• Oncogenes mutated or damaged proto-oncogenes
• Tumor suppressor genes regulatory genes repress
  cell growth, division, differentiation, adhesion
• May be turned off, damaged, or mutated in cancers
• Mutator genes genes of DNA repair, when they are
  damages the cell is more likely to make a mistake.

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Indicated cause of cancer

• Carcinogens
• Inherited susceptibility
• Viruses and bacteria
• Starts with a single cell that is no longer under
  normal control

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Cancer Characteristics

• loss of contact inhibition
• Cancer cells do not self-destruct when their DNA
  is damaged
• Cancer cells divide indefinitely
• Cancer cells attract a blood supply
• Cancer cells do not adhere to neighboring cells

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The immune system plays an important role

• If your immune system recognizes a cell as being
  cancerous then it will be destroyed

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Progredssion of cancer requires multiple genetic
changes in regulatory genes.
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Testing for Cancer

• Tumor Imagine
• X rays
• Positron emis temography
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Genetic testing
• Enzyme markers

• PET and MRI focus on metabolic differences
• Ethaical problems withgenetic testing?
• Large scale testing.

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Cancer Treatments

• Conventional treatments surgery, radiation, and
  chemotherapy
• Delivery mechanisms coated metal beads,
  light-sensitive drugs
• Immunotherapy promotes the immune response
• Starving cancers inhibits angiogenesis
• Molecular treatments target oncogenes

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Treatment of cancer

• Surgery
• Radiation
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy
• Inhibiting angiogenesis

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Surgery, Radiation, and Chemotherapy Are
Conventional Ways to Treat Cancer

• Surgery is used to remove tumors
• Radiation therapy is used to kill localized
  cancer cells
• Chemotherapy is used to kill cancer cells
  throughout the body
• Immunotherapy boosts the immune responses against
  cancer cells
• Inhibition of blood vessel formation may slow the
  spread of cancer cells
• Gene therapy may someday help fight cancer in
  several ways

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Some common cancers

• Skin
• Breast
• Prostate
• Lung
• Colon rectum

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Ten Most Common Cancers
Table 18.3
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Prevention

• Best way to beat cancer is to not get it.

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Most Cancers Are Preventable

• Know family history
• Get regular medical screenings
• Learn self-examination techniques
• Avoid direct sunlight 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., avoid
  sunlamps and tanning salons
• Watch diet and weight
• Dont smoke
• Drink in moderation, if at all
• Be informed