Unit Five: The Revolutionary War

1
Unit Five The Revolutionary War

• The World Turned Up Side Down

2
The War in the South

• After the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse Clinton
  with General Charles Cornwallis sailed from New
  York to take the city of Savannah as a foothold
  to the south.
• The British easily took Savannah with little
  resistance in December of 1778. (The Patriots
  tried to retake it in 1779 but failed)
• After the Second Battle of Savannah, Clinton
  moved to take Charleston, S.C. to take control of
  the major ports in the south.

3
Siege of Charlestown

• Clinton began his attack on Charlestown in April
  1779 and quickly surrounded the city and cut it
  off from supplies.
• The Patriot forces
  surrendered in May
  with over 5,000
  troops taken
  prisoner.
• Clinton then sailed
  back to New York
  leaving Cornwallis
  in command.

4
Southern Campaign

• From Charlestown the British moved to subdue the
  South Carolina back country.
• To succeed in this mission Cornwallis
  used a Calvary Colonel, Banastre
  Tarleton, to chase and attack the
  Patriots. (Tarleton due to his tactics
  became the most hated man in the
  South)
• At the Battle of Waxhaws Tarleton defeated the
  Patriots then killed or mortally wounded the
  P.O.Ws. (this became known as Tarletons Quarter)
  
• At the Battle of Camden Cornwallis defeated
  Horatio Gates allowing for the invasion of North
  Carolina.

5
Southern Campaign

• Command in the South was turned over to Nathanael
  Greene who began recruiting to defend North
  Carolina.
• Fighting in South Carolina did not stop, but was
  carried on by militia leader like Francis Marion
  (swamp fox), Thomas Sumter (carolina gamecock),
  and Andrew Pickens (wizard owl) who used guerilla
  style tactics to harass and delay Tory and
  British Regulars.
• Banastre Tarleton was given the
  specific mission of hunting down
  and killing Marion, but could
  never catch him.

6
Southern Campaign

• At the Battle of Kings Mountain (Oct. 1780) a
  Tory force led by Major Patrick Ferguson tried to
  advance into North Carolina but were met by a
  Patriot force led by Colonel Isaac Shelby and
  were defeated. (to avenge the Waxhaws all
  prisoners were killed)
• In the same month at the Battle of Cowpens a
  Patriot force led by Daniel Morgan defeated
  Tarleton costing Cornwallis some of his best
  soldiers.

7
Divide and Conquer

• Nathaniel Greene decided to fight more of a
  guerilla style war with the development of
  strategic retreat.
• With strategic retreat the plan was to use a hit
  and run tactic to wear down the enemy by having
  to constantly be in chase.
• The plan did exactly what it needed to do by
  wearing down the British soldiers physically and
  morally by never being able to gain a victory.

8
Southern Campaign

• The next major confrontation was at the Battle of
  Guilfords Courthouse where Greene met Cornwallis
  near Greensboro, N.C.
• The British won the field but at a high causality
  cost, giving the Patriots a huge morale victory.
• The Battle also forced Cornwallis into retreat to
  regroup and resupply his men in Wilmington, N.C
  then moving to Yorktown, Virginia.
• The last major battle of the Southern Campaign
  was the Battle of Eutaw Springs which ended in an
  American victory.

9
Battle of Guilford Courthouse
10
The Last Campaign

• Cornwallis in 1781 moved into Virginia fighting
  small skirmishes with Lafayette almost capturing
  Thomas Jefferson, then moved to fortify the city
  of Yorktown and wait for the British navy.
• At the Battle of Yorktown the French Navy led by
  Comte de Grasse blocked any escape by sea, while
  a patriot force led by Washington and a French
  force led by Comte de Rochambeau surrounded the
  town creating a siege of Yorktown.

11
Its over

• Cornwallis with no escape
  possible surrendered his
  army on 19 Oct. 1781.
• As Cornwallis and his men were taken as prisoners
  of war his drummers played the song The World
  Turned upside Down, which in return the
  Americans played Yankee Doodle
• Parliament canceled any more attacks and peace
  negotiations were opened between the countries.

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Yankee Doodle (Fool)
Yankee Doodle went to townA-riding on a
ponyStuck a feather in his hatAnd called it
macaroni.Yankee Doodle, keep it upYankee
Doodle dandyMind the music and the stepAnd with
the girls be handy.Father and I went down to
campAlong with Captain GoodingAnd there we saw
the men and boysAs thick as hasty
pudding.Yankee Doodle, keep it upYankee Doodle
dandyMind the music and the stepAnd with the
girls be handyThere was Captain WashingtonUpon
a slapping stallionA-giving orders to his menI
guess there was a million.Yankee Doodle, keep
it upYankee Doodle dandyMind the music and the
stepAnd with the girls be handy.

• The song of Yankee Doodle Dandy developed around
  the time of the French and Indian war and
  Revolution to mock the American Militiamen.
• The song then was changed to represent the new
  National feeling during the Revolution.

13
Peace

• Peace negotiations were opened with all combatant
  nations Spain, France, Britain, and America.
  (Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams were
  the delegates)
• The Americans opened up with a request for
  Canada, but were denied.
• The negations were finally ended with the signing
  of the Treaty of Paris 1783
  officially ending the
  Revolutionary War creating
  These United States of
  America.

14
Treaty of Paris 1783

• The Treaty of Paris of 1783 granted
• 1.) Great Britain recognized America as a nation.
• 2.) Border with Canada set at Mississippi River
  and Great Lakes.
• 3.) American boundary with Spain at Mississippi
  River, but Americans could use it and the port of
  New Orleans for trade.
• 4.) Spain received both West and East Florida.
• 5.) Great Britain had to withdraw all troops and
  forts.
• 6.) Tories were to be given back property and
  treated fairly.

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Impact of the Revolution

• The Revolutionary War created the independent
  country of These United States of America.
• It led to feelings of Patriotism (love and
  devotion to ones nation) among citizens.
• It also had an effect on Loyalists, Indians,
  slaves, and women.
• It led to conflict within the new nation over how
  the new government should be, structured, run,
  and how much power it was to have.
• It led to an Age of Revolutions in the world,
  where colonies and people questioned the idea of
  inequality and liberty.

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Loyalists and Indians

• After the war many Loyalists were
  treated as traitors for
  their actions during the war.
• Many Loyalists fled the states
  and moved to Canada and
  England.
• The Native Americans for helping the British were
  treated harshly by the new government.
• The encroachment on Indian lands spread quickly
  causing a constant string of conflicts with the
  Native Americans.

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Notable Women

• During the Revolution there were many notable
  women who fought or participated in the War
  effort.
• Abigail Adams was the wife of John Adams and
  through her letters constantly aided with
  decision making.
• Martha Washington aided her husband in many
  occasions and like many women ran the home while
  he was away.
• Mary Molly Pitcher McCauley in the Battle of
  Monmouth Courthouse fought killing British and
  working one of the cannons.
• Margaret Dirty Kate Corbin fought along side of
  her husband at the Battle of New York.
• Deborah Sampson was a free black women who
  dressed as man and fought in the Continental
  Army.

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Freemen and Slaves

• During the War many Free black men and slaves
  fought in militias and the Continental Army along
  side white soldiers.
• Many were used in auxiliary jobs like cooks,
  transporters, and diggers.
• As the war developed the emancipation (freeing)
  of slaves became a huge topic.
• Some states offered Manumission laws or the
  voluntary freeing of slaves who fought in the
  war.
• The British and even Washington offered slaves
  who fought their freedom after the end of the
  war.