Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 12) 1

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 12) 1

• bare bear
• lead led
• praise prays preys
• byte bite bight
• sight site cite

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 12) 2

• pairs pears pares
• plain plane
• karat carrot caret carat
• mane main Maine
• frees freeze frieze

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 14) 1

• a. Mary agent
• a ball theme
• b. the children agent
• from the playground source
• to the wading pool goal

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 14) 2

• c. one of the men agent
• all the doors theme
• with a paper clip instrument
• d. John agent
• the ice theme
• with a blowtorch instrument
• e. Helen agent
• cockroach theme

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 14) 3

• f. Helen experiencer
• cockroach theme
• g. Helen agent
• h. the ice theme

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 14) 4

• i. with a telescope instrument
• the boy experiencer
• the man theme
• j. the farmer agent
• hay theme
• onto the truck goal

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 14) 5

• k. the farmer agent
• the hay theme
• with a pitchfork instrument
• l. the hay theme
• on the truck goal
• by the farmer agent

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Pragmatics

• Pragmatics is concerned with our understanding
  of language in context.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition.
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 167.
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• If the balloons popped, the sound wouldnt be
  able to carry since everything would be too far
  away from the correct floor. A closed window
  would also prevent the sound from carrying, since
  most buildings tend to be well insulated. Since
  the whole operation depends on a steady flow of
  electricity, a break in the middle of the wire
  would also cause problems. Of course, the fellow
  could shout, but the human voice is not loud
  enough to carry that far. An additional problem
  is that a string could break on the instrument.
  Then there could be no accompaniment to the
  message. It is clear that the best situation
  would involve less distance. Then there would be
  fewer potential problems. With face to face
  contact, the least number of things could go
  wrong.

Bransford and Johnson, 1972, p. 719, quoted in
Omaggio, 1986, pp. 103-104.
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Deriving Meaning from Linguistic Context

• Previous sentences
• ? Pronouns
• ? Articles

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Deriving Meaning from Linguistic Context

• ? Previous sentences
• ? Pronouns
• ? Articles

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Clues in Linguistic Context

• ? Pronouns and syntax
• ? Pronouns and discourse
• ? Pronouns and situational context
• ? Deixis
• ? Articles

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition.
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 167-172.
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Pro-Forms

• Pro-NP / Pronoun
• Jan saw the boy with the telescope.
• Dan also saw him.
• Pro-VP
• Emily hugged Cassidy
• and Zachary did too.
• Pro-S
• I am sick, which depresses me.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA
Wadsworth, p. 210.
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Deixis 1

• here
• there
• this city
• those towers over there
• left / right
• so / yea big

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition.
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 170-171.
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Deixis 2

• ? First and Second person pronouns
• ? Free Third person pronouns
• ? Demonstratives (Pronouns and NPs)
• ? Time deixis
• ? Place deixis

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA
Wadsworth, pp. 218-219.
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Articles A vs. THE(One meaning of the)

• I bought a new jacket.
• A jacket is red.
• I bought a new jacket.
• The jacket is red.

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Articles A vs. THE(One meaning of the)

• My brothers arrived last night.
• Today, one is meeting me for lunch,
• the other is going to Kenting.
• Today, one is meeting me for lunch,
• another is going to Kenting.

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Deriving Meaning from Situational Context

• ? Maxims of Conversation
• ? Implicatures / Presuppositions
• ? Speech Acts

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition.
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 172-176.
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Maxims of Conversation

• 1. Quantity
• Say neither more nor less than the discourse
  requires.
• 2. Relevance
• Be relevant.
• 3. Manner
• Be brief and orderly avoid ambiguity and
  obscurity.
• 4. Quality
• Do not lie do not make unsupported claims.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition.
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 173.
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Violating the Maxims of Conversation

• 1. Letter of Recommendation
• NOT saying ENOUGH
• 2. Does Sally have a boyfriend?
• She goes to Taipei every weekend.
• 3. Masticating alimentary sustenance thoroughly
  can promote enhanced cholesterol levels.
• 4. Who took my book?
• Bill. I heard someone say he came out

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Implicatures / Presuppositions

• A Smith doesnt have any girlfriends these
  days.
• B Hes been driving over to the West End a lot
  lately.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition.
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 174.
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Implicatures / Presuppositions

• a. Have you stopped hugging your sheepdog?
• b. Who bought the badminton set?
• c. John doesnt write poems anymore.
• d. The present King of France is bald.
• e. Would you like another beer?

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hyams.
2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA
Wadsworth, p. 216.
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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex. 21) 1

• a. We went to the ballpark again.
• We have been to the ballpark before.
• b. Valerie regretted not receiving a new T-bird
  for Labor Day.
• Valerie did not get a new T-bird on Labor Day.
  
• c. That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very
  sad.
• Emilys pet turtle ran away.

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex. 21) 2

• d. The administration forgot that the professors
  support the students.
• The professors support the students.
• e. It is an atrocity that the World Trade Center
  was attacked on September 11, 2001.
• The WTC was attacked.
• The attack occurred September 11, 2001.

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex. 21) 3

• f. It isnt tolerable that the World Trade Center
  was attacked on September 11, 2001.
• The WTC was attacked.
• The attack occurred September 11, 2001.
• g. Disa wants more popcorn.
• Disa has already had some popcorn.

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex. 21) 4

• h. Mary drank one more beer before leaving.
• Mary has already drunk at least one beer.
• Mary left.
• i. Jack knows who discovered Pluto in 1930.
• Someone discovered Pluto.
• It was discovered in 1930.

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Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex. 21) 5

• j. Mary was horrified to find a cockroach in her
  bed.
• Mary found a cockroach in her bed.

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Playing with Words

• Aesop
• ??
• Clothing store using this name
• ??