Pakistan

1
Pakistan
2
Independent Pakistan and Government Since Then
3
Civil War

• Pakistan begins as two separate and divided
  states
• East Pakistan is more populous West Pakistan
  houses government
• East Pakistan declares independence from West
  Pakistan in 1971
• Civil war erupts East Pakistan wins, becomes new
  nation of Bangladesh

4
Politics

• Pakistan goes back and forth from being a
  democracy and being ruled by a military dictator
  after a coup.
• Pakistani politics have a tradition of being
  underhanded, violent, and volatile.

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Pakistan Politics
Jinnah (1947)gtgt
ltltZulfikar Bhutto (1973-77)
Benazir Bhuttogtgt (1988-90, 93-96)
Sharif (1990-93, 97-99)
Zardari (now)
ltlt Musharraf (1999-2008)
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History of Pakistans Political Leaders

• 1948 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of
  Pakistan, dies
• 1951 Jinnahs successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is
  assassinated.
• 1956 Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic
  Republic.
• 1958 General Ayyub Khan becomes president.
• 1969 General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup.
• 1973 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazirs father)
  becomes PM.
• 1979 General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs
  Bhutto in a military coup becomes president.
  Daughter Benazir goes into exile, returns in
  1986.
• 1988 Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash.
  Bhuttos Pakistans Peoples Party wins election
  she becomes PM.
• 1990 Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on
  charges of incompetence corruption.

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History of Pakistans Leaders Continued

• 1991 PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic
  liberalization.
• 1993 PM Sharif resigns under pressure from
  military. General election brings Bhutto back to
  power.
• 1996 President Leghari dismisses Bhuttos
  government amid corruption allegations.
• 1996 Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his
  Pakistan Muslim League wins elections.
• 1999 Bhutto and her husband are convicted of
  corruption and sentenced. Benazir flees to exile.
  Later that year Sharif is overthrown by General
  Pervez Musharraf in a military coup.
• 2002 Musharraf grants himself new powers
  including the right to dismiss parliament.
• 2007 Bhuttos and Sharifs parties protest
  Musharraf. Musharraf takes over media and
  communication networks.
• 2008 Musharraf forced to step down in face of
  impeachment
• 2011 Musharraf indicted for assassination of
  Benazir Bhutto

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A Pattern of Instability

• Many different governments rule Pakistan, non
  achieve stability
• Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s
  but is ousted. The military now rules.
• Bhutto is assassinated in 2007.

U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the
assassination in a 27 December press conference.
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Gen. Pervex Musharaff

• Coup detat.
• Secular government against Islamic
  fundamentalists.
• U.S. ally in the War on Terror.

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The Musharraf Era

• Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup,
  self appointed as president in 2001.
• Enjoyed western support due to his announced
  intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in
  Pakistan.
• Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he
  suspended the constitution and jailed several
  supreme court members before they were about to
  evaluate the validity of his election.
• During Musharrafs time Pakistan enjoyed
  impressive economic performance.
• Musharrafs approval rating plummeted to 15.

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Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror

• US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since he
  pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on
  terror.
• US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating
  over 10B in foreign aid since 9/11.
• Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against
  Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support.
• Question now is whether or not the US should have
  continued to support Musharraf since he became
  widely unpopular and Illegitimate.

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President Prime Minister

• Asif Ali Zardari

• Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani

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Effects Suffering Economy

• Economy suffered from decades of internal
  political disputes
• a fast growing population
• mixed levels of foreign investment
• a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring
  India

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Major problems Issues in Pakistan today

• Economic development.
• Political instability/military dictatorship.
• Hindu-Muslim tensions.
• Gender issues ? honor killings.
• Terrorism.
• The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.

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Conflict Over Kashmir
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Kashmir, Nehru, the British

• Muslim ruler of Kashmir agrees to sign on with
  India, and Nehru makes exception to the rule of
  partition
• in cases of majority population land goes to
  Pakistan in border regions......

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Kashmir

• Kashmir, a region occupied by Pakistan and India,
  lies south of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan.
  
• This disputed territory is the scene of sporadic
  fighting between the armies of Pakistan and
  India. China also occupies a part of Kashmir.

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History of the Conflict

• The territory of Kashmir
• The territory was handed over to India after they
  gained independence from the British in 1947.

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The Problem

• The Kashmir area was predominantly Muslim.
• The ruler of Kashmir fled to India and agreed to
  place Kashmir under Indian rule if India would
  protect Kashmir from invasion.
• If there had been a vote in Kashmir, the majority
  probably would have voted to become part of
  Pakistan for religious reasons.

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Religious Groups in India-Controlled Kashmir
REGION Buddhist Hindu Muslim Other
Kashmir Valley - 4 95 -
Jammu - 66 30 4
Ladakh 50 - 46 3
Religious Groups in Pakistan-Controlled Kashmir
REGION Buddhist Hindu Muslim Other
Northern Areas - - 99 -
Azad Jammu and Kashmir - - 99 -
Source BBC World News, Pakistani and Indian
Census Data
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The Importance of Kashmir to India and Pakistan

• The geography is mostly rural, with large
  mountains, deserts, and valleys.
• The region could have natural resources such as
  oil, gold, or silver that has not yet been
  discovered.

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Control of the Indus River  

• The Indus begins in Kashmir, flows through
  Pakistan, then flows into mainland India.
• Since Kashmir is part of India, they could dam
  the Indus and change the flow of the river.
• Without fertile land to grow crops, Pakistan
  would become a desert and its people would
  starve.

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Religious Sites

• Both Pakistan and India have sites in Kashmir
  that are important to their respective religions.
  
• Pakistan is predominately Muslim. Kashmir is
  predominately Muslim.
• India is predominately Hindu.

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Strategic Location

• India-Kashmir acts as a buffer.
• Pakistan-Kashmir offers a fertile roadway into
  India for possible invasion.

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1947 Pakistan invaded Kashmir
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... Pakistan objects, Indian sends in new army to
Kashmir, and war breaks out in 1947-8, ending in
the LINE OF CONTROL still extant today...
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1965 Second war over Kashmir
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1965 War
Conflicts Context US Pakistan vs. USSR
India Global Cold War
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War

• Three major wars between India and Pakistan have
  been fought over the Kashmir territory
• 1947-1948
• 1965
• 1971
• A fourth war almost took place when Pakistan
  invaded and attempted to capture Kargil.

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The Battle for Kashmir

• India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region
  in northern India
• Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the region
  continues.
• In total, India and Pakistan have fought four
  wars
• Indo-Pakistan War of 1947
• Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
• Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
• Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)

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1971 India-Pakistan War
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1999 Kargil Skirmish
Context Both nations nuclear powers
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Kargil Conflict (1999)

• In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a
  few days later, Pakistan responded by more
  nuclear tests giving both countries nuclear
  deterrence capability.
• Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore Summit
  was held in 1999.
• The sense of optimism was short-lived, however,
  since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces
  and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but
  strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil
  district of India.

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Indian Soldiers Near the Pakistani Border - 2001
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A Pakistani Ranger at the Indian-Pakistani Joint
Border Check Post in Wagha, India - 2001
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Anti-war Protestors in Karachi, Pakistan - 2001
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Kashmiri Militants - 2003
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Mumbai Bombings, Nov 26, 2008 163 people die from
terrorist bombings A Kashmir Connection? Lashkar,
Regional History and Islamist Militarism
Taj Mahal Hotel
Photo Punit Paranjpe/Reuters
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Kashmir TodayInsurgency and Terrorism, State and
Proxies
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Hindu Kashmiri Panditas terrorized, flight into
refugee camps in Jammu
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StillKashmiris not allowed to decide their own
fate
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Stalemate Continues....
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Nuclear Rivalry Between Pakistan and India
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INDIAN PARADOX POVERTY AND POWER
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What title would you give this political cartoon?
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Nuclear Power India-Pakistan

• Indian Nuclear Power Plants

• Pakistani Nuclear Power Plants

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India Weapon of Mass Destruction

• India does possess nuclear weapons and maintains
  short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles,
  nuclear-capable aircraft, surface ships, and
  submarines under development as possible delivery
  systems and platforms.
• Although it lacks an operational ballistic
  missile submarines India has ambitions of
  possessing a nuclear triad in the near future.

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India Weapon of Mass Destruction

• India tested a nuclear device in 1974 (code-named
  "Smiling Buddha"), which it called a "peaceful
  nuclear explosive."
• India performed further nuclear tests in 1998
  (code-named "Operation Shakti").

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The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late
1990s
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THE ISLAMIC BOMB

• PAKISTAN EXPLODED ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN
  DESERT IN 1998.
• DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET
  DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH ROGUE
  STATES LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE OTHERS

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Supporters of former Indian Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee chant nationalist slogans in
support for his nuclear policy - 1998
69
1998 India tested their first nuclear weapon.
Pakistan followed with nuclear tests.
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Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari
Vajpayee, displays a sword given to him by Sikh
youths in New Delhi to honor him for making India
a nuclear power - 1998
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Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn Indian Flag
to Protest Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998
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Hot Air Balloon Protesting India Pakistans
nuclear testing - 1998
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2002 Military Statistics
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India Displays Nuclear Missiles During Republic
Day, - 2002
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India Successfully Tested Agni Missiles - 2002
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2002 Nuclear Statistics
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Musharraf and Vajpayee at a meeting on nuclear
issues in Nepal in 2002
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Is this a possibility?
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Partners in the War on Terror?
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Threat of Taliban to Pakistan
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Taliban Connections Rooted in Pakistan

• The Taliban emerged as a powerful movement in
  late 1994 when Pakistan chose the Taliban to
  guard a convoy trying to open a trade route from
  Pakistan to Central Asia.
• With Pakistan providing weapons, military
  training, and financial support, the Taliban
  gained control over several Afghan cities and
  successfully captured Kabul in September 1996

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Taliban Connections to Pakistan

• Pakistani support for the Taliban is based on
  strong religious and ethnic bonds between the
  Taliban and Pakistan, especially with the tribal
  areas on the North-West borders of Pakistan.
• Most of the Talibans leaders were educated in
  refugee camps in Pakistan where they had escaped
  the Soviet invasion.
• Taliban militants are Sunni Muslim Pashtuns, and
  Pashtuns constitute thirteen percent of the total
  population of Pakistan.
• Pashtuns dominate the Pakistani military and are
  concentrated in the North-West Frontier province,
  which was the command center for the Mujahedeen
  groups fighting the Soviet troops and a major
  destination for the Afghan refugees

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Taliban Connections to Pakistan

• Pakistani Taliban members have been involved
• In insurgent activity and terrorist attacks
  inside Afghanistan
• Trained the Times Square bomber Faisal Shehzad
• Participated in numerous suicide bombings and
  urban guerrilla attacks inside Pakistan including
  the siege at the Pakistan Naval Base Mehran in
  Karachi

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Pakistani Taliban Alliance with Al-Qaeda

• Dates back to the Soviet-Afghan War
• Taliban has provided shelter to Al-Qaeda leaders
• Has been operationally active with the terrorist
  group
• Vowed to avenge the killing of Osama Bin Laden
• Vows to continue the war with the USA

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Taliban Moves to Pakistan

• In October 2001, thousands of Pakistani Pakthun
  tribesmen were mobilized for armed action and
  crossed the Durand Line into Afghanistan to
  resist both the American and NATO forces.
• For example, Sufi Mohammed, a Pakhtun cleric and
  leader of the Movement for the Enforcement of
  Islamic Law infiltrated Afghanistan with about
  10,000 boys and young men.

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Taliban Moves to Pakistan

• The arrival in tribal areas of the Afghans
  Taliban and Al-Qaedas senior leadership along
  with hundreds of Afghan, Arab, Chechen, Uzbek,
  East Asian, and Sudanese fighters in Pakistan
  distributed millions of dollars among the tribal
  elders for shelter
• Al-Qaeda as been leasing compounds from the
  tribesmen to establish training camps and command
  and control centers.

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Taliban Moves to Pakistan

• In 2002, when the Pakistani Army invaded the
  tribal areas, it transformed the existing
  widespread militancy into a full-blown
  insurgency.
• This has since spread throughout Pakistan

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The war spills over into Pakistan

• Pakistani military intelligence manipulation of
  the Afghanistan war - from the 1980s onward
• Taliban and Haqqani Network across the Pakistani
  border provinces
• Cross-border illicit trade
• US operations in Pakistan
• CIA and Special Forces assassination teams
• CIA drone bombings
• The assassination of Osama Bin Laden

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Refugees

• Afghans constitute the largest single refugee
  population in the world with an estimated 6
  million people or 30 percent of the global
  refugee population.
• The population has been greatly affected by a
  refugee problem for years.
• Large numbers of Afghans are refugees in
  Pakistan.

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Refugees

• Pakistan has received the most

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Pakistani Taliban Numbers

• There are about 40 militant groups with a
  combined membership between 30,000 and 35,000.
• They are decentralized and do not always agree.
• They use social networks to recruit, raise funds,
  and to harass people.

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Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban

• Recruit young men by offering them access to and
  membership in social networks, money, power, and
  respect
• Many are young unemployed men who have had no
  access to education or jobs
• Brainwash the men during the interactions
• For example, many of the suicide bombers are
  poor, uneducated students in their early teens

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Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban

• Existing poverty from an ongoing lack of
  infrastructure
• The governments inability to provide education
  and fair legal system aid recruitment efforts
• Most join because they are poor and feel that the
  government does not care about them.
• For example, in 2009, the average salary of a
  low-level Taliban member was 180 a month, while
  in other areas it was as high as 240 a month

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Why Pakistan Men Join the Taliban

• The governments inability to provide better
  shelter and services to the refugees in the camps
  have aided recruitment.
• Young men frustrated by the preventable deaths of
  family members due to pneumonia and diarrhea join
  the Taliban
• The Taliban provides swift and free justice in
  hostile areas

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Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban

• They sometimes use abduction and other coercive
  tactics to recruit fighters and quell dissent.
• In early 2007, they began forcing school children
  to sign up for suicide bombing missions by
  kidnapping 30 children

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Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban

• The Pakistani Army when fighting against the
  insurgents have killed many civilians and this
  has led to the people joining the Taliban for
  revenge
• For example, in 2009, 1,150 civilians were killed
  during Pakistan Army actions
• The Pakistani Army also alienates locals by
  arbitrary arrests, illegal detentions, unlawful
  killings, deliberate property damage, executing
  people without trials

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BBC, 2009
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Most Recent and Widely Known Pakistani Taliban
Attack

• The banned Islamist group, which has intimate
  links to the Afghan Taliban and al Qaeda,
  unabashedly confirmed it tried to kill teen
  activist Malala Yousufzai as she rode home from
  school in a van October 9, 2012
• But before that, the group, formally known as
  Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), took the global
  spotlight when Faisal Shahzad, a
  Pakistani-American, attempted to detonate a car
  bomb in New York's Times Square in May 2010. The
  TTP took responsibility, and Shahzad testified
  that he had received training from them.
• Formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, the
  group is very closely linked with its namesake in
  Afghanistan as well as with al Qaeda. It shares
  its religious extremist ideology -- but is its
  own distinct group.
• The TTP also has a different goal, but its
  tactics are the same, says Raza Rumi, director of
  policy and programs at the Jinnah Institute, a
  Pakistani think tank.
• "Their primary target is the Pakistani state and
  its military," he says. "It resents the fact that
  it (Pakistan) has an alliance with the West, and
  it wants Sharia to be imposed in Pakistan."

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Malal Yousafzai

• Ms. Yousafzai was targeted for advocating the
  right of girls to education, and for exposing the
  daily violence and intimidation after the Taliban
  took control of the Swat valley.
• She had been writing a blog for the BBC in Urdu
  under the pen name Gul Makai since the age of
  11.
• As the Taliban were driven out of the Swat valley
  in 2009, her identity was made public.
• She received the National Peace Award from
  former Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on
  December 19, 2011, and was nominated for the
  International Children's Peace Prize the same
  year by the Dutch organisation Kids Rights.
• Ms. Yousafzai was also a speaker for the Child
  Assembly in Swat, an initiative supported by
  UNICEF in 2011.
• She appeared on national and international
  television to express her views on the rights of
  children and girls.
• On the day of the attack, spokesperson for the
  Pakistani Taliban, Ehsanullah Ehsan, confirmed to
  international media that they attacked her
  because she was anti-Taliban and secular,
  adding that she would not be spared. She was
  pro-West, she was speaking against Taliban and
  she was calling President Obama her idol She
  was young but she was promoting Western
  culture in Pashtun areas,he said. He reiterated
  the threats to kill her if she survives the
  attack.

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Malala Yousafzai

• Gunmen halted the van ferrying Malala Yousafzai
  through her native Swat Valley, one of the most
  conservative regions in Pakistan.
• They demanded that other girls in the vehicle
  identify her. Malala had faced frequent death
  threats in the past.
• Some of the girls pointed her out.
• At least one gunman opened fire, wounding three
  girls.
• Two suffered non-life-threatening injuries, but
  bullets struck Malala in the head and neck.
• The bus driver hit the gas. The assailants got
  away.
• Malala was left in critical condition.
• An uncle described her as having excruciating
  pain and being unable to stop moving her arms and
  legs.

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Malala Yousafzai

• Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl shot in an
  attempted assassination by the Taliban in
  October, has spoken publicly for the first time
  of her recovery in Britain, saying God has given
  her "a second life" thanks to the prayers of
  those who supported her around the world.
• Malala has been treated at the Queen Elizabeth
  hospital in Birmingham since being flown to
  Britain after being shot by the Taliban for
  campaigning for women's rights and girls'
  education

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Malalas Courage
http//www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/world/asia/pakis
tan-erupts-in-anger-over-talibans-shooting-of-mala
la-yousafzai.html?hp