Today

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Todays Agenda

• Any Announcements?
• Any Questions?
• Let's Review our Bellwork....
• Now...
• Lets Begin Todays Lesson..

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Our Standards Today

• Principles of United States Government
• Students explain the fundamental principles and
  moral values of the American government as
  expressed in the Constitution and other essential
  documents of American federalism.
• GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why
  the Founding Fathers established a constitutional
  system that limited the power of government. (H,
  P)
• GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and
  shared powers, the role of organized interests
  (Federalist Number 10), checks and balances
  (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an
  independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78),
  implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular
  sovereignty, and civilian control of the
  military. (P)
• GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the
  powers of the federal government and state
  governments. (P)
• GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence
  of various authors to analyze the tensions within
  our Republic and the importance of maintaining a
  balance between the following concepts (H, P)
• Majority rule and individual rights Liberty
  and equality State and national authority in a
  federal system
• Civil disobedience and the rule of law
  Freedom of the press and censorship
  Relationship of religion and government
• Relationship of legislation and morality
  Government regulation and free enterprise

3
Our objectives today

• 1. Describe the structure of the government set
  up under the Articles of Confederation.
• 2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of
  Confederation led to a critical period for our
  government in the 1780s.
• 3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger
  national government led to plans for a
  Constitutional Convention.
• 4. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the
  New Jersey Plan for a new constitution.
• 5. Summarize the major compromises that the
  delegates agreed to make and the effects of those
  compromises.

4
Our Goal Today

• The Articles of Confederation established a
  fairly weak central government, which led to
  conflicts among the States. The turmoil of the
  Critical Period of the 1780s led to the writing
  of the Constitution and the creation of a
  stronger National Government. The Framers of the
  Constitution created a document that addressed
  the major concerns of the States. By reaching
  compromise on items about which they disagreed,
  the Framers created a new National Government
  capable of handling our nation's problems.

5
Origin of the State

• Turn your book to page 6. Four Characteristics of
  a State.
• Is our classroom a state? Is Tennessee a state
  by this definition? Is the United States a State?

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Origin of the State

• Turn your book to page 8. These are the four
  theories of the Origins of the State.

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Force Theory

• What is a good example of Force Theory?

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Evolutionary Theory

• What is an example of this Evolutionary Theory?

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Divine Right Theory

• What is an example of Divine Right Theory?

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Social Contract Theory

• What is an example of the Social Contract Theory?

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Articles of Confederation

• One vote per state. No Executive or Judicial
  branch. Any change had to be approved by all 13
  states. 9 out of 13 votes required to pass any
  law.

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Powers of Congress

• 1) Make war and peace
• 2) Send and receive ambassadors
• 3) Make treaties
• 4) Borrow money
• 5) Set up a money system
• 6) Establish a post office
• 7) Build a navy
• 8) Raise an army by asking States for troops
• 9) Create a uniform standard for weights and
  measures
• 10) Settle disputes between the States

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Our Standards Today

• Principles of United States Government
• Students explain the fundamental principles and
  moral values of the American government as
  expressed in the Constitution and other essential
  documents of American federalism.
• GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why
  the Founding Fathers established a constitutional
  system that limited the power of government. (H,
  P)
• GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and
  shared powers, the role of organized interests
  (Federalist Number 10), checks and balances
  (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an
  independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78),
  implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular
  sovereignty, and civilian control of the
  military. (P)
• GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the
  powers of the federal government and state
  governments. (P)
• GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence
  of various authors to analyze the tensions within
  our Republic and the importance of maintaining a
  balance between the following concepts (H, P)
• Majority rule and individual rights Liberty
  and equality State and national authority in a
  federal system
• Civil disobedience and the rule of law
  Freedom of the press and censorship
  Relationship of religion and government
• Relationship of legislation and morality
  Government regulation and free enterprise

19
Our objectives today

• 1. Describe the structure of the government set
  up under the Articles of Confederation.
• 2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of
  Confederation led to a critical period for our
  government in the 1780s.
• 3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger
  national government led to plans for a
  Constitutional Convention.
• 4. Identify the Framers of the Constitution and
  discuss how the delegates organized the
  proceedings at the Philadelphia Convention
• 5. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the
  New Jersey Plan for a new constitution.
• 6. Summarize the major compromises that the
  delegates agreed to make and the effects of those
  compromises.

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Creating our Constitution
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Different States Different Ideas

• The Virginia Plan called for three branches of
  government Legislative, Executive and Judicial.
  Bicameral government both houses number of
  members based on each State's population or the
  amount of money that state contributes to the
  national government.

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New Jersey Plan

• Unicameral government, only one legislative body.
  Each state gets same number of seats in the
  legislature.
• What is our first problem in writing our
  constitution?

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Our First Compromise

• Connecticut delegates offered what has been named
  the Connecticut Comprise, but some have called
  the Great Compromise.
• What do YOU think the compromise was?

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The Great Compromise

• Bicameral Government Two legislative bodies, a
  House and a Senate.
• The house would have its members for each state
  determined by population.
• The senate would have each state have the same
  number of members.

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Population?

• What about states that have slaves? Do they count
  as population?
• Do states with large slave populations want them
  to count?

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3/5ths Compromise Time for Role Play
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3/5ths Compromise

• The three-fifths compromise is found in Article
  1, Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the United States
  Constitution
• "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be
  apportioned among the several States which may be
  included within this Union, according to their
  respective Numbers, which shall be determined by
  adding to the whole Number of free Persons,
  including those bound to Service for a Term of
  Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three
  fifths of all other Persons."
• http//www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitu
  tion_transcript.html

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The South Wants Another Compromise

• The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise was an
  agreement that Congress could not tax exports of
  goods from any state. Why was the south worried
  about this? It also placed a 20-year moratorium
  on any laws concerning the slave trade, the
  migration or importation of such persons as any
  State now existing shall think proper to admit.

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One of our Standards Today

• GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and
  shared powers, the role of organized interests
  (Federalist Number 10), checks and balances
  (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an
  independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78),
  implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular
  sovereignty, and civilian control of the
  military. (P)

32
Federalist Paper 10

• Federalist 10 is part of a remarkable public
  discussion, spawned by the ratification debates,
  between Federalists and Antifederalists on the
  nature of republican government. Many
  Antifederalists believed that the Constitution
  would lead to a large, consolidated nation and
  abolish the republican governments in the states,
  which in turn would lead to violations of the
  rights of citizens. Madison turned that argument
  on its head by pointing out that in republican
  governments, in which the majority must rule, an
  all-powerful majority often sacrifices the
  natural rights of the minority to their own
  selfish interests. Tyranny was just as possible
  in republican governments as under monarchies
  and smaller republics that is, republics the
  size of the American states were especially
  prone to the danger of majority faction. Some
  remedy for this mortal disease must be found,
  Madison argued, if we are to have a republic in
  which the natural rights of all, including the
  minority, are protected.
• http//teachingamericanhistory.org/library/docume
  nt/federalist-no-10/

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What was Madison worried about?

• Questions for consideration How does Madison
  define a faction? What two things may be done to
  eliminate the causes of faction, and why does
  Madison reject them? What aspects of a republic
  make it prone to faction, but less susceptible
  than a democracy? What advantages does a large
  republic have over a small one for preventing and
  controlling the effects of majority faction?

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Two Solutions Can we do either one?

• Madison wrote in Federalist 10
• There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of
  faction The one, by removing its causes the
  other, by controling its effects.
• There are again two methods of removing the
  causes of faction The one, by destroying the
  liberty which is essential to its existence the
  other, by giving to every citizen the same
  opinions, the same passions, and the same
  interests.

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Federalist Paper 51

• James Madison, like most Americans at the time,
  understood that once a single branch of
  government legislative, executive or judicial
  had accumulated all political power in its hands,
  nothing could stop it from acting tyrannically.
  The checks and balances between the branches
  built into the proposed Constitution, he
  explained in Federalist 51, are therefore
  essential to keep those powers properly separated
  among the branches. In the midst of explaining
  these inventions of prudence, Madison offered
  thoughtful reflections on why human nature makes
  politics especially the great task of framing a
  government comprised of men rather than angels
  so challenging.
• http//teachingamericanhistory.org/library/documen
  t/federalist-no-51/

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Is Three Branches Important?

• Questions for consideration What is the best way
  to keep the powers of government properly
  separated among the branches in practice? Why is
  framing a good government made difficult by human
  nature? What are the two possible sources of
  oppression and what remedies does Madison propose
  to prevent them?

37
What could be an issue?

• Madison wrote First. In a single republic, all
  the power surrendered by the people, is submitted
  to the administration of a single government and
  the usurpations are guarded against, by a
  division of the government into distinct and
  separate departments. In the compound republic of
  America, the power surrendered by the people, is
  first divided between two distinct governments,
  and then the portion allotted to each subdivided
  among distinct and separate departments. Hence a
  double security arises to the rights of the
  people. The different governments will control
  each other at the same time that each will be
  controlled by itself.

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Hard to make everyone happy!

• Second. It is of great importance in a republic,
  not only to guard the society against the
  oppression of its rulers but to guard one part
  of the society against the injustice of the other
  part. Different interests necessarily exist in
  different classes of citizens. If a majority be
  united by a common interest, the rights of the
  minority will be insecure. There are but two
  methods of providing against this evil the one,
  by creating a will in the community independent
  of the majority, that is, of the society itself
  the other, by comprehending in the society so
  many separate descriptions of citizens, as will
  render an unjust combination of a majority of the
  whole very improbable, if not impracticable.

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Federalist Paper 78

• "We proceed now to an examination of the
  judiciary department of the proposed government."
  So begins Federalist, no. 78, the first of six
  essays by Alexander Hamilton on the role of the
  judiciary in the government established by the
  U.S. Constitution.
• Hamilton made two principal points in the essay.
  First, he argued for the independence of the
  judiciary from the other two branches of
  government, the executive and the legislative. In
  presenting a case for the judiciary, he reached
  his second major conclusion that the judiciary
  must be empowered to strike down laws passed by
  Congress that it deems "contrary to the manifest
  tenor of the Constitution."
• http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Fede
  ralist,No.78,andthePoweroftheJudiciary

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Ratification - Federalists

• Federalists stressed the weakness of the Articles
  of Confederation and campaigned for the
  ratification of the new Constitution. James
  Madison and Alexander Hamilton were among their
  leaders.
• Think Federalist Papers.

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Ratification - Anti-Federalists

• Anti-Federalists attacked the Constitution and
  argued against its ratification. They worried
  about having a central government and noted how
  it did not have a bill of rights, or a list of
  basic liberties.
• Its leaders included Patrick Henry, John Hancock
  and Samuel Adams.
• I look upon that paper as the most fatal plan
  that could possibly be conceived to enslave a
  free people. - Patrick Henry

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Beard's Thesis
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Beard's Thesis

• The first historian to challenge the motives of
  the Founders was Charles Beard in An Economic
  Interpretation of the Constitution of the United
  States (1913).
• In this landmark book, Beard, a professor of
  history at Columbia University, argued that the
  Constitution was an economic document drawn with
  superb skill by men whose property interests were
  immediately at stake. The Founders, then, rather
  than being patriots, wise lawmakers, or
  thoughtful students of government, were primarily
  in the Constitution-writing business to protect
  their property interests.
• Read more http//www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/t
  he-founders-the-constitution-and-the-historiansix
  zz2rHxigjjs

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Vocabulary

• Autocracy
• Oligarchy
• Unitary Government
• Federal Government
• Division of Powers

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Autocracy

• Autocracy a form of government in which a
  single person holds unlimited political power.

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Vocabulary

• Oligarchy
• Unitary Government
• Federal Government
• Division of Powers

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Oligarchy

• Oligarchy a form of government in which power
  to rule is held by a small, usually
  self-appointed elite.

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Vocabulary

• Unitary Government
• Federal Government
• Division of Powers

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Unitary Government

• Unitary Government a centralized government in
  which all government powers belong to a single,
  central agency.

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Vocabulary

• Federal Government
• Division of Powers

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Federal Government

• Federal Government a form of Government in
  which powers are divided between a central
  government and several local governments.

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Our Classroom.

• Is our classroom a Unitary Government
• or a Federal Government?

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Vocabulary

• Division of Powers

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Division of Powers

• Division of Powers basic principle of
  federalism the constitutional provisions by
  which a government powers are divided on a
  geographic basis (in the United States, between
  the National Government and the States)

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Our classroom

• Do we divide powers in our classroom?

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Vocabulary

• Articles of Confederation ratification
• Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
• Connecticut Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Federalists Anti-Federalists

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Articles of Confederation

• Established a firm league of friendship among
  the states. Each state kept its sovereignty,
  freedom, and independence.

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Vocabulary

• Articles of Confederation ratification
• Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
• Connecticut Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Federalists Anti-Federalists

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Ratification

• Formal approval.
• ratification
• rat-uh-fi-key-shuhn
• noun
• 1. the act of ratifying confirmation sanction.
• 2. the state of being ratified.
• http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/ratificatio
  n

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Vocabulary

• Articles of Confederation ratification
• Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
• Connecticut Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Federalists Anti-Federalists

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Virginia Plan

• Endorsed by the larger states. Base
  representation on population.

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Vocabulary

• Articles of Confederation ratification
• Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
• Connecticut Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Federalists Anti-Federalists

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New Jersey Plan

• Endorsed by the smaller states. Each state
  should have equal representation.

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Vocabulary

• Articles of Confederation ratification
• Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
• Connecticut Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Federalists Anti-Federalists

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Connecticut Compromise

• Also referred to as the Great Compromise.
• Do both have one legislative body based on
  population and one where each state gets equal
  representation.

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Vocabulary

• Articles of Confederation ratification
• Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
• Connecticut Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Federalists Anti-Federalists

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Three-Fifths Compromise

• Slaves (although not called slaves in the
  Constitution) will count as 3/5 of a person.

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Vocabulary

• Articles of Confederation ratification
• Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
• Connecticut Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Federalists Anti-Federalists

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Federalists

• Campaigned for the ratification of the
  Constitution. Supported a new Federal
  government.

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Vocabulary

• Articles of Confederation ratification
• Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
• Connecticut Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Federalists Anti-Federalists

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Anti-Federalists

• Campaigned against a new Federal government.

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Assessment Time -)

• 1) What were the Articles of Confederation and
  what powers did they grant to Congress?
• 2) Identify three weaknesses of our government
  under the Articles of Confederation.
• 3) Why did smaller states object to the Virginia
  Plan?
• 4) What was the 'Great Compromise'?

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Our Standards Today

• Principles of United States Government
• Students explain the fundamental principles and
  moral values of the American government as
  expressed in the Constitution and other essential
  documents of American federalism.
• GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why
  the Founding Fathers established a constitutional
  system that limited the power of government. (H,
  P)
• GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and
  shared powers, the role of organized interests
  (Federalist Number 10), checks and balances
  (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an
  independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78),
  implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular
  sovereignty, and civilian control of the
  military. (P)
• GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the
  powers of the federal government and state
  governments. (P)
• GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence
  of various authors to analyze the tensions within
  our Republic and the importance of maintaining a
  balance between the following concepts (H, P)
• Majority rule and individual rights Liberty
  and equality State and national authority in a
  federal system
• Civil disobedience and the rule of law
  Freedom of the press and censorship
  Relationship of religion and government
• Relationship of legislation and morality
  Government regulation and free enterprise

80
Our objectives today

• 1. Describe the structure of the government set
  up under the Articles of Confederation.
• 2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of
  Confederation led to a critical period for our
  government in the 1780s.
• 3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger
  national government led to plans for a
  Constitutional Convention.
• 4. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the
  New Jersey Plan for a new constitution.
• 5. Summarize the major compromises that the
  delegates agreed to make and the effects of those
  compromises.

81
Our Goal Today

• The Articles of Confederation established a
  fairly weak central government, which led to
  conflicts among the States. The turmoil of the
  Critical Period of the 1780s led to the writing
  of the Constitution and the creation of a
  stronger National Government. The Framers of the
  Constitution created a document that addressed
  the major concerns of the States. By reaching
  compromise on items about which they disagreed,
  the Framers created a new National Government
  capable of handling our nation's problems.

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Group Time!!!

• Get in your groups now
• Each person will do their OWN Social Contract
  discuss ideas in your group but do your own
  Social Contract.
• I will be a great Student if Riverdale