Chapter 3: The Biosphere

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Chapter 3 The Biosphere

• ECOLOGY
• Section 3-1
• Section 3-2
• Section 3-3

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3-1 What is Ecology?

• Key Concepts
• What different levels of organization do
  ecologists study?

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Ecology

• Study of interactions among organisms and between
  organisms and their surroundings
• Ecologist- scientist that studies the environment

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Biosphere

• All portions where life exists, including land,
  water, and air.

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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization

• Species (individual)

• Populations

• A group of organisms that can breed and produce
  offspring
• Example Ladybugs

• Groups of individuals of the same species and
  live in the same area
• Example Population of Ladybugs

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Levels of Organization

• Communities

• Groups of populations that live in the same area
• What organisms do you see in this pond community?

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Levels of Organization

• Ecosystem

• Group of organisms that live in one environment,
  together with their nonliving (abiotic)
  environment
• Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors

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List the abiotic and biotic factors in the
picture..
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Levels of Organization

• Ecosystem

• Abiotic Factors
• Air
• Wind
• Water
• Light
• Temperature
• Sun
• Gases

• Biotic Factors
• Shark
• Tuna
• Baleen whale
• Zooplankton
• Phytoplankton
• Small fishes
• Flounder
• Algae
• Scallops
• Sea stars
• lobster

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Levels of Organization - Biomes

• Biome

• A group of ecosystems that have the same climate
  and communities
• Examples
• Desert
• Grasslands
• Rain Forest
• Ocean

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Levels of Organization

• Biosphere

• Highest level of organization that includes all
  of the other levels of organization

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Checkpoint 1

• A collection of all the organisms that live in a
  particular place along with their physical
  environment make up a (an)
• Species
• Biome
• Ecosystem

Correct Answer? C Ecosystem
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Checkpoint 2

• List the six different levels of organization
  that ecologists study, in order, from smallest to
  largest.
• Species
• Populations
• Communities
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Biosphere

Now create a sentence to remember the order!
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Checkpoint 3

• The branch of biology dealing with interactions
  among organisms and between organisms and their
  environment is called _______________.
• A person who studies these populations is called
  an ecologist.

ECOLOGY
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Checkpoint 4

• All of the members of a particular species that
  live in one area are called a (an)
  ___________________.
• Draw your own population of species that you may
  have seen in the past week.

POPULATION
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Complete this worksheet with your table partner
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3-2 Energy Flow

• Key Concepts
• Where does the energy for life processes come
  from?
• How does energy flow though living systems?
• How efficient is the transfer of energy among
  organisms in an ecosystem?

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Sunlight
1

• Main energy source for life on Earth.
• Less than 1 is used by living things.
• However, some types of organisms rely on the
  energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds.
  These organisms obtain energy from a source other
  than sunlight.

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Who Uses the Sun for energy?

• Only plants, some algae, and certain bacteria can
  capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use
  that energy to produce food.

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Autotrophs

• Use energy (sun, chemical) from the environment
  to make complex organic molecules.
• Autotrophs make their own food.

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Autotrophs

• Autotrophs

• PRODUCERS
• A form of an autotroph (makes own food)
• Can capture sunlight or chemical energy
• Example KELP
• Kelp is found in the ocean

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Autotroph HALL OF FAME

• On Land PLANTS

• In Water ALGAE

• Use photosynthesis
• Use sunlight to make energy rich sugars and oxygen

• Found in freshwater and top layers of the ocean

In Water Photosynthetic Bacteria
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Autotroph HALL OF FAME (with a twist)

• Chemosynthesis
• Can produce food without light!
• Use chemical energy to produce
• carbohydrates
• These bacteria are found in remote places like
• Volcanic vents on ocean floor
• Hot springs in Yellowstone
• Tidal marshes

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Heterotrophs

• Animals, fungi, and many bacteria cannot harness
  their own energy.
• Heterotrophs rely on other organisms for their
  energy and food supply
• Heterotrophs

• CONSUMERS
• A form of an Heterotroph
• (cannot make own food)
• Acquire energy from other organisms
• Different types of heterotrophs herbivores,
  carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, and
  decomposers

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Detritivores

• Feed on plant and animal remains or dead matter,
  called detritus
• Examples
• Mites
• Earthworms
• Snails
• Crabs

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Feeding Relationships

• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
  direction,
• 1) Sun or inorganic compounds
• 2) autotrophs (producers)
• 3) heterotrophs
  (consumers)
• The relationships between PRODUCERS and CONSUMERS
  connect organisms into feeding networks based on
  who eats whom.

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Food Chain
Label the producers and consumers

• Definition
• Shows energy flow from producers to consumers

Producer
Consumer (Herbivore)
Consumer (Herbivore)
Consumer (Carnivore)
Consumer (Carnivore)
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GAME TIME!!!
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Food Webs

• Definition
• A food web links all the food chains in an
  ecosystem together.
• A food web in a salt-marsh community.
• Lets take a look at the Heron.

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Trophic Levels
Tertiary Consumer

• Each step in a food chain/web Trophic level.
• Producers make up the first/primary layer
• Consumers make up the successive layers.

Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Producers
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Ecological Pyramid

• Ecological Pyramids- shows amounts of energy or
  matter at each trophic level
• 3 types Energy, Biomass Numbers pyramid.

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Energy Pyramid

• Energy Pyramid

• Shows how energy reduces by 90 each trophic
  level.
• Organisms use this 10 of energy for life
  processes.
• The rest is lost as heat.

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Biomass Pyramid

• Biomass Pyramid

• Shows the amount of living tissue in a trophic
  level expressed in grams per unit area.

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Inverted Biomass Pyramid in an Aquatic Ecosystem
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Pyramid of Numbers

• Pyramid of Numbers

• Shows the of organisms in a trophic level.

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Checkpoint 1

• When organisms use chemical energy to produce
  carbohydrates, the process is called
• Chemosynthesis
• Autosynthesis
• Photosynthesis
• Correct Answer? (A) Chemosynthesis

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Checkpoint 2

• Which of the following organisms DO NOT NEED
  sunlight to live?
• Trees
• Photosynthetic Bacteria
• Chemosynthetic Bacteria
• Algae
• Correct Answer? (C) Chemosynthetic Bacteria!
• But WHY??????

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Checkpoint 3

• TRUE or FALSE?
• Algae are both producers and autotrophs.
• TRUE!!!!

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Checkpoint 4

• All the food chains in an ecosystem are linked
  together by a (an)
• Food Web
• Trophic Level
• Ecosystem
• Correct Answer? (A) Food Web!!!

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Checkpoint 5

• Only about 10 percent of the energy available
  within one trophic level is transferred to
  organisms at the next trophic level.
• Of the remaining energy, some of it is used for
  lifes processes and the rest is lost as
  what?????
• HEAT!!!!

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Checkpoint 6

• In words, briefly describe the flow of energy
  among organisms in an ecosystem.
• HINT Think feeding relationships!

Energy is transferred from one organism to the
next through trophic levels. Only 10 of the
energy is transferred from level to level. The
rest is lost as heat!
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Checkpoint 7

• Explain the relationships in this food chain
  omnivore, herbivore, and autotroph.

Autotroph is an organism that creates its own
energy using chemicals or sunlight. An organism
that eats an autotroph is called an herbivore.
An omnivore could eat either the herbivore OR the
autotroph.
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Checkpoint 8

• Refer to the Salt-Marsh Food Web, which shows a
  food web in the salt marsh. Choose one of the
  food chains within this web. Then, write a
  paragraph describing the feeding relationships
  among the organisms in the food chain.
• Hint Use the terms producers, consumers, and
  decomposers ALONG with who eats whom in your
  description.
• (You may also draw them out as well)