HISTORY OF TOWERS

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HISTORY OFTOWERS
FACULTY GUIDE PROF. V R SHAH MRS AANAL SHAH MRS
DHARA SHAH

• PREPAERED BY
• JANAK GAJJAR
• SD1909

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• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY OF TOWERS
• THE TOWER OF BABEL, BABYLON
• PHAROS, THE LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA
• TOWERS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROMES
• ISLAMIC TOWERS
• TOWERS OF HINDUISM
• NINTEENTH AND TWEMTIETH CENTURY TOWERS
• THE EIFFEL TOWER

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• THE FIRST CONCRETE TOWERS
• CN TOWER
• SKYSCRAPERS
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION

• Towers have bean built in all most all cultures
  from time immemorial.
• What motivates people to built them?
• A Philosopher once spoke of a Drive towards
  height.
• In those days, the drive towards height promoted
  architects to build even higher and increase
  their technical ability,
• In this way there came into the being towers to
  honor a deity.

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THE TOWER OF BABEL, BABYLON

• Temple of the foundation of heaven and earth")
  was the name of a ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in
  the city of Babylon. It was famously rebuilt by
  the 6th century BC
• Description of the tower of Babel come from
  Herodotus, who visited Babylon in 460-450 B.C.
• A Philosopher once spoke of a Drive towards
  height.
• The already decayed Great Ziggurat of Babylon was
  finally destroyed by Alexander the Great in an
  attempt to rebuild it. He managed to move the
  tiles of the tower to another location, but his
  death stopped the reconstruction. Since then only
  the base remains, but it is visible from Google
  Earth.

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• The site of what was once Babylon in yhe
  two-river country on the Euphrates, south of
  present day Baghdad, has been verified, as shown
  on the plan.
• According to the excavation findings of 1962-82 ,
  there are reed and asphalt layers as armament
  between the layer of brick.
• It is seven story tower had at the base sides of
  91.6 meters, first step ,33.6 meters was followed
  after a 6 meters recess by the second step which
  was 18.3 meters.
• The next four steps each had a height of 10
  meters and top story height 15.25 meters. And
  were made of fired brick and perpendicularly
  arranged.

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PHAROS, THE LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA

• Within a few centuries , Alexandria became the
  most important city in the Mediterranean region.
  Today it remains a major part.
• Since Alexander the great died during the second
  invasion of Babylon, in 323 B.C.
• With total height of 120 to 140 meters for more
  than one and a half millennia the lighthouse was
  the tallest stone tower in the world.
• The three part arrangement of the height an
  octagonal tower on a square, raised base, with a
  round peak and concluding sculpture.

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• The tower was covered with white marble and
  arranged not only vertically but also with
  recesses and protrusions.

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TOWERS IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROMES

• There is no evidence of tower link structures on
  palaces or several centuries later, on rulers
  houses and villas or in cities.
• The column of Trajan in Rome (A.D. 113) nid
  famous. It is 42.4 meters high and has the
  classical form of war and triumphal columns.
• And included a spiral staircase leading to the
  platform supporting the statue of the emperor.
• The square base was decorated with a bas- relief
  and above it stood the tall column is covered by
  a spiral shaped frieze slightly over height 1
  meters.

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ISLAMIC TOWERS

• Minaret in Samarra(A.D. 836-852) by quasrel giss.
• The mosque of Samarra was and is the largest on
  all mosques 240 X 156 meters 216 supports
  courtyard 440 X 376 meters.
• The brick tower standing on a base of
  approximately 30 meters has survived time well.
• The spiral shaped access in the form of a ramped
  recalls of the tower of Babel.

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• The Selim mosque in Edirne, built by Sinam from
  1569-1574.
• When Sinam is 18 years old, he was of the opinion
  that this was his most mature work.
• The four minarets 70 meters high stand freely
  besides the mosque and with their exciting
  thinness, lend the entire building a unique
  elegance.

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• The minaret of the kaliyan mosque in Buchara was
  built by Quarahan- iden Arsian between 1102 and
  1129.
• The early Persian are said to have been square.
• Those from the 11 century were artfully decorated
  brick towers which tapped upward.

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• The Taj Mahal in Agra was built 1631-48 during
  reign of shah Jahan for his wife Arjuman Banu
  Begam. She was later called Mumtaz Mahal.
• The mausoleum, radiant in its luminous white
  marble, contrasts with the red sandstone of the
  lower base and the flanking structures.
• It has become one of the most famous building of
  all times.
• The poet Nizami mentions that in the course of
  the day the tomb appears blue, yellow and white.
• The marble reflects the color of the sky,
  depending upon the time of day.

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HINDUISM TOWERS

• The temple of the seven pagodas, an eighth
  century Hindu monument in Mahabalipuram.
• This double temple is executed in stone, with the
  main shrine facing east, surrounded by a wall,
  and situated directly on the ocean.
• Step resembling stories rise from a square ground
  plan, taper upward and are capped by a dome with
  an umbrella shaped peak
• This shorp temple of the seven pagodas, a
  pyramidal five story structures, is 18 meters
  height and is built on a base measuring 15 meters
  at the sides.

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• The temple of Jagannatha from the eleventh
  century.
• The typical parabolic basic form is thinner and
  extend higher than elsewhere.
• The horizontal arrangement in the super structure
  are minimized, but the bas-reliefs are more
  consistently executed than on Nacna.

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• Brihadvisvarasvamin Temple, Thanjavur, in twelfth
  centuries in Madras is one of the most famous and
  important cola temples.
• It is for the worship of Shiva.
• This 63 meters towers stands on a temple with a
  main shrine of 14 x 14 meters that is set on a
  base.
• There is an abundance of various works of arts at
  the entrance on the base and above,
• And it is richly adorned with depictions of iron
  and crocodile, friezes with imaginary animals and
  gods with their women.

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NINTEENTH AND TWEMTIETH CENTURY TOWERS

• The campanile of san Marco in venice was erected
  on the site of a wooden bell towers in 1392, the
  pper story was redesign in 1512.
• Following its collepse in 1902, it was
  immediately rebuilt in its earlier form, with
  reinforced foundation, to a total height of 99
  meters and provided with a peak made of
  reinforced concrete.

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• The Templo Della Sagrada Familla a monumental
  church in Barcelona, was begun 1822 by Antoni
  Guidi.
• This structure, termed neo- Catalonian Gothic was
  intended to have twelve towers 100 to 150 meters
  and main dome with 27 meters adjacent domes.
• Only four tower east portal was completed.
• Gaudi died in 1926 without being able to complete
  the church.

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THE EIFFEL TOWER

• The Eiffel Tower is named after its designer,
  Alexendre-Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel was a French
  civil engineer, specializing in metal structures.
• Eiffel won by unanimous vote with his tower
  design with a latticework design. But all
  Parisians did not love the Eiffel Tower. During
  the construction of the Eiffel Tower, a petition
  was distributed demanding that it be dismantled.
  Locals thought that the tower was an eyesore.
• The tower stands 324 meters (1,063 ft) tall,
  about the same height as an 81-storey building.
  It was the tallest man-made structure in the
  world from its completion

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• The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs
  7,300 tones while the entire structure, including
  non-metal components, is approximately
  10,000 tones.
• As a demonstration of the economy of design, if
  the 7,300 tones of the metal structure were
  melted down it would fill the 125 meter square
  base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming
  the density of the metal to be 7.8 tones per
  cubic meter.
• Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of
  the tower may shift away from the sun by up to
  18 cm (7.1 in) because of thermal expansion of
  the metal on the side facing the sun.

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THE FIRST CONCRETE TOWERS

• At the beginning of the twentieth century Le
  Raincy was a small parish church for suburbs
  whose population was rapidly growing. In 1918 the
  abbot of Le Raincy, Felix Nègre, proposed in 1918
  to build a church to commemorate the French
  victory in the Battle of the Marne in 1914. 

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CN TOWER

• Canadian National Tower is truly a wonder of
  modern design, engineering and construction. At a
  height of 553.33m (1,815 ft, 5 inches), it is the
  World's Tallest Building and Free- Standing
  Structure, an important telecommunications hub,
  and the centre of tourism in Toronto.
• They removed 56,234 metric tones (62,000 tons) of
  earth and shale before pouring a thick concrete
  and steel foundation 6.71 m (22 ft) deep on a
  base of hand-and-machine-smoothed shale.
• Supporting the World's Tallest Building is a tall
  order and by the time it was finished the
  y-shaped foundation contained 7,046 cubic meters
  (9,200 cubic yards) of concrete, 453.5 metric
  tones (500 tons) of reinforcing steel and 36.28
  metric tones (40 tons) of thick, tensioning
  cables.

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SKYSCRAPERS

• Skyscrapers are lean towers on a rectangular or
  round groung plan, with a height which reaches
  many times the length of the sides or the
  diameter.

• The Singer building 200 meters height with thirty
  four story in New York in 1908.

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• The Woolworth Building planned by Cass Gilbert an
  Ecole des Beaux-Arts architect, was completed by
  him in 1913 in New York.
• It was at that time the tallest Building in the
  word.
• The vertical tendency was Undoubtedly inspired by
  the Gothic style, likewise the water fountains
  and buttresses.

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• The Lake Point Tower was built in 1968 in
  Chicago.
• The 70 story glass and rounded shape resembles
  design almost fifty years ago.
• With the height of 196 meters , this building one
  of the tallest in the world for residence purpose
  , occupies a privileged site in Chicago.

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• The north tower of the world trade center in
  lower manhattan was completed in 1973.
• With the height of 419 meters and 110 stories.
• Critics maintain that tower are regressive and
  simple boxes with an enormous plaza, masses with
  a lethal effect.

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• Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is
  a skyscraper in Dubai Construction began on 21
  September 2004, with the exterior of the
  structure completed on 1 October 2009. The
  building officially opened on 4 January 2010,
  World's tallest building.
• At over 828 metres (2,716.5 feet) and more than
  160 stories.

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• it has also broken two other impressive records
  tallest structure, previously held by Torontos
  CN Tower.
• The superstructure is supported by a large
  reinforced concrete mat, which is in turn
  supported by bored reinforced concrete piles.
• The 1.5 meter diameter x 43 meter long piles
  represent the largest and longest piles
  conventionally available in the region. 

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CONCLUSION

• The height of the tower and certainly their
  thinness depended upon the level of knowledge,
  experience, available material, manufacturing
  companies and economic constraint.

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REFERENCES

• Towers and Bridges by Billing ton
• Towers A historical survey by Erwin and Frits
• Google
• Wikipedia

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THANK YOU