Homework:

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Homework
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New Mass Democracy

• By the 1824 presidential election, the political
  landscape of America had changed
• Federalists had disappeared
• Sectional issues divided the Republicans
• New forms of politicking emerged parades,
  political buttons, baby kissing, BBQs
• Voter turnout was on the rise

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Political Democratization

• Universal White Manhood Suffrage
• Private, written ballot
• Party nominating caucuses
• Electors go by popular vote

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A One-Party Election

• Unlike previous elections, the 1824 election
  comprised of five men who all claimed to be
  Republicans
• Henry Clay of Kentucky
• John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts
• William Crawford of Georgia
• Andrew Jackson of Tennessee
• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
• Calhoun dropped out and opted for the unopposed
  Vice Presidency. Jackson won the popular vote,
  but failed to get the majority of the electoral
  vote.

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Clay Chooses the President

• As directed in the 12th Amendment, the House of
  Representatives had to choose the winner from the
  top three candidates. This led to Henry Clays
  elimination, however, he was still the acting
  Speaker of the House, and could influence votes.
  Crawford suddenly became paralyzed from a stroke.
  Jackson was Clays rival in the West and the two
  detested one another. Adams supported Clays
  American system.

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The Corrupt Bargain

• Shortly before the casting of the ballots, Clay
  met privately with Adams and assured him support.
  Adams was elected president and he nominated Clay
  as his Secretary of State. Jacksonians believed
  that an illegal bargain had been struck.

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A President Against the Wall

• From the election, John Quincy Adams was
  fighting up hill
• Jackson began campaigning the day after the House
  election on the platform of corruption and
  patronage.
• Fewer than one-third of the people actually had
  voted for him.
• He demanded respect rather than courting
  popularity.
• He removed very few of his political adversaries
  from office.
• Adams took a national view of leadership, which
  alienated him from the growing sectional
  conflicts.

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Old Hickory For Office

• In 1828, Jackson ran against Adams who was going
  for his second term
• Adams supporters called themselves National
  Republicans.
• Jackson supporters called themselves
  Democratic-Republicans. (Martin Van Buren)
• Jackson had the support of the West and the
  South. Adams had the support of the Northeast.
• Mudslinging reached a new low.
• Jackson won the election.

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Changing the Culture of DC

• Jackson was the second president not to have a
  college education.
• He was considered more of a frontiersman than a
  gentleman.
• Hickoryites filled the streets of Washington to
  watch Jackson take the oath of office.
• More uncouth than cultured, Jackson took his
  western style of enforcement to the presidency.
• He was a Jeffersonian Democrat, looking at the
  powers of Congress narrowly and vetoing 12 bills
  he dubbed unconstitutional, which was more than
  all six preceding presidents.

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Rotation in Office

• To make it possible for a maximum number of
  supporters to hold office, Jackson would limit a
  persons tenure in office to just one term and
  appoint some other deserving supporter in his
  place. Jacksonians contempt for experts believed
  that ordinary Americans were capable of holding
  any government office. Both the spoils system and
  the rotation of officeholders affirmed the
  democratic ideal that one man was a good as
  another. They also helped build a strong-two
  party system.

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Spoils System

• Also know as patronage, this was the system in
  which supporters of a candidate receive political
  favors upon that candidates election. Not
  unheard of in America, but put in on a large
  scale by Jackson.

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Maysville Road Veto

• On May 27, 1830 President Jackson vetoed a bill
  which would allow the Federal government to
  purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington,
  Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which
  had been organized to construct a road linking
  Lexington and the Ohio River. The entirety of the
  road would have been in the state of Kentucky.
  Congress passed a bill in 1830 providing federal
  funds to complete the project. Jackson vetoed the
  bill on the grounds that federal funding of
  intrastate projects of this nature was
  unconstitutional.

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Sectional Tariff of 1824

• After having enacted the first true protective
  tariff in 1816, Congress continued the
  progression in 1824 by raising rates (over 30 on
  average) and by including such products as glass,
  lead, iron and wool in the protected category.

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Issues Over the Tariff

• The Tariff of 1816 eight years before had passed
  into law upon a wave of nationalism that followed
  the War of 1812. But by 1824, this nationalism
  was transforming into strong sectionalism.
  Northern and Western representatives joined
  together in passing the tariff, turning a deaf
  ear to complaints from the South. Cotton growers
  sold heavily to Britain and other European
  nations, and justifiably feared tariff
  retaliation. Northern manufacturers and Western
  farmers produced largely for the domestic market
  and were more immune from foreign tariff
  discrimination than Southern growers.

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Tariff of Abominations

• This was a high tariff, passed in 1828 as a
  Jacksonian tactic against Adams. The Old
  southern states hated the tariffs, which they
  considered an unequal tax. They also believed
  that the tariff was the beginning of federal
  encroachments on states rights.

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Encroachments on States Rights

• The Old South was falling on hard times and the
  tariff was a convenient scapegoat
• With federal interference on the tariff, slavery
  could be next.
• Slavery anxiety caused by
• Missouri Compromise, 1820
• Denmark Vesey slave revolt, 1822
• Abolition in Britain bringing pressure on the
  West Indies
• Nat Turners Rebellion, 1831
• William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator

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John C. Calhoun

• A former War Hawk Congressman from South
  Carolina and Jacksons Vice President. After the
  War of 1812, Calhoun staunchly supported the
  American System, however, he believed that the
  outcome of the 1824 presidential election
  demonstrated that control of the federal
  government was subject to manipulation by Adams
  and Clay. Calhoun resolved to thwart Adams and
  Clay's nationalist program. He saw the protective
  tariff as a device that benefited the North at
  the expense of the South, which relied on foreign
  manufactured goods and open foreign markets for
  its cotton. A program of turnpikes built at
  federal expense, which Clay advocated, would
  burden the South with taxes without bringing it
  substantial benefits.

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The South Carolina Exposition and Protest

• Published in 1828 by the South Carolina
  legislature, and written by Calhoun, but kept
  anonymously, the document denounced the recent
  tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. It bluntly
  proposed that the states should nullify the
  tariff.

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Peggy Eaton Affair

• The champion of the common man also went to the
  aid of the common woman, at least for Peggy
  ONeale Eaton. The wife of Jacksons Secretary of
  War, she was the target of malicious gossip by
  the other cabinet wives of being an adulteress,
  much like Jacksons late wife. When Jackson tried
  to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy Eaton
  socially, most of the cabinet resigned. This
  controversy along with future disputes will also
  contribute to the resignation of Jacksons vice
  president, John C. Calhoun.

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The Nullification Crisis

• A lower tariff was passed in 1832, however,
  nullies in South Carolina convinced the states
  legislature to nullify the law. South Carolina
  even threatened to secede if federal officials
  tried to collect the tariff. Jackson was not a
  supporter of the tariff, but he was a staunch
  unionist and threatened South Carolina with
  invasion.

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Compromise of 1833

• Compromise Tariff of 1833 - A tariff proposal
  created by Henry Clay. It was a tariff that would
  gradually reduce by 10 in eight years. The bill
  barely passed in Congress.
• Force Bill This law was enacted to allow the
  president to use the army and navy, if necessary,
  to collect federal tariff duties. This was in
  hope to prevent further insurrection by the
  states.

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The Bank War

• Jackson did believe in banking and business, he
  just hated the BUS for its above authority"
  persona and the businesses who were growing rich
  off of the banks loans. Henry Clay tried to use
  this hatred of the Bank to his advantage asking
  for a renewal of the BUSs charter in the
  upcoming presidential election year of 1832. He
  underestimated Jacksons supporters.

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The Election of 1832

• Believing that the veto of the BUSs charter
  weakened Jackson, Henry Clay opposed him for
  president as a National Republican
• For the first time a third party entered the
  fray, the Anti-Masonic Party. These people
  opposed the secrecy and influence of the Masons
  and considered them a society of the privileged.
• Despite having impressive advantages campaigning,
  Clay and supporters vastly underestimated the
  power Jackson had with the masses. Jackson won
  the presidency overwhelmingly.

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Burying the BUS

• After Jackson won the 1832 election, he believed
  that the voters had called on him to end the
  power of the BUS. He did by withdrawing all
  federal funds in the bank, and went through a few
  Secretary of Treasuries to do it. He then
  deposited the money in pet banks who were loyal
  to him. The BUS eventually went bankrupt in
  during the Panic of 1837.

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Pet Banks

• The popular term for pro-Jackson state banks
  that received the bulk of federal deposits during
  Jacksons war with the BUS. Without control of a
  central bank, andwith the passing of the Deposit
  Act, these pet banks and the smaller wildcat
  banks began printing money indiscriminately. Over
  night this paper money inflated, and ultimately
  became worthless.

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Specie Circular

• With the wildcat currency becoming increasingly
  unreliable, Jackson made this decree to the
  Treasury Department. It required all public lands
  to be purchased with hard, or metallic, money.
  This drastic step slowed down the speculation
  boom of the western banks, but instigated a
  future economic recession.

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Locofocos

• A faction of the Democratic Party hat existed
  from 1835 until the mid-1840s. The faction was
  originally named the Equal Rights Party and was
  created in New York City as a protest against
  that citys regular Democratic organization. They
  were vigorous advocates of laissez-faire and
  opponents of monopolies. They were for free
  trade, greater circulation of specie, legal
  protections of labor unions, and against paper
  money, finacial speculation, and state banks.

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Whig Party

• Formed between 1828 and 1834, this party amassed
  the opponents of Jackson into a rival party of
  the Democrats. They called for the American
  System, public education, reforms in prisons and
  asylums, a market economy, and pushed against
  anti-protestants and elites

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Van Buren Becomes President

• By the end of his second term, Jackson was
  nearing seventy and toyed with the idea of
  running for a third. Instead he hand-picked his
  successor nominating Martin Van Buren, Jacksons
  former Secretary of State and present Vice
  President. The Whigs were far from organized and
  nominated a group of men, hoping for another
  House selection. Van Buren squeaked out a
  victory.

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No Magic For the Magician

• From the beginning, Van Burens presidency was
  doomed
• Resentment from fellow Democrats
• Inherited Jacksons vengeful enemies
• Rebellion in Canada (Caroline Incident)
• Annexation of Texas and the slavery issue
• Panic of 1837
• Independent Treasury Bill (Divorce Bill)

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Tippecanoe and Tyler Too

• In 1840, the Democrats nominated Van Buren
  despite his unsuccessful presidential term. The
  Whigs learned from their mistakes and nominated
  William Henry Harrison. Just like the Democrats
  did with Jackson, the Whigs portrayed Harrison as
  a backwoods, frontier American and labeled Van
  Buren as an elitist. Harrison won the election.

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Changes in Politics

• The election of 1840 demonstrated two major
  changes in American politics since the Era of
  Good Feelings
• The triumph of the populist democratic system and
  the fall the elite
• The formation of a permanent and durable
  two-party system

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Second Great Awakening

• This event was a religious revival characterized
  by emotional mass camp meetings and widespread
  conversion. The event brought about
  democratization of religion as numerous
  denominations vied for membership and pushed
  Americans toward various social reform movements.

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Outcomes of the Awakening

• New evangelical leaders like Peter Cartwright and
  Charles Grandison Finney (Seek out sin, or
  Theological Perfectionism)
• Promoted social and moral order on the frontier
• Feminization of religion and reform
• Fragmentation of religious faiths (Burned-Over
  District, Millerites or Adventists)
• Widened the lines between classes and regions

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Unitarians

• Inspired by Deism, this belief first caught on in
  New England at the end of the 18th century. They
  believed in a unitary, or one, deity not the
  Trinity, rejected the divinity of Christ, and
  emphasized the inherent goodness of mankind.
  They proclaimed a belief in free will, salvation
  through good deeds, a benevolent God. The
  movement mostly inspired intellectuals whose
  rationalism and optimism contrasted sharply with
  Calvinism.

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Mormons

• Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded
  a religious, oligarchic religious order in the
  1830s and were officially known as the Church of
  Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Facing deep
  hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, they
  eventually migrated west and established a
  flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

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Shakers

• Founded by Mother Ann Lee, who depicted herself
  as the Daughter of God, this group practiced
  celibacy and Christian socialism to promote
  religious perfection. Congregation relied on
  converts and adoption to replenish the ranks.

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Reform Movements

• The Second Great Awakening inspired countless
  people to improve society
• Temperance
• Anti-War Crusade
• Education Reform
• Abolition
• Womens Rights
• Prison and Punishment Reform
• Utopian Societies

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Temperance Movement

• American Temperance Society (Boston 1826) Cold
  Water Army
• Washington Societies
• T.S. Arthurs Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I
  Saw There (1854) Story of a once happy village
  ruined by Sam Slades Tavern
• Maine Law of 1851 Prohibited the manufacture
  and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states
  followed, but repealed the law within the decade
  because of ineffectiveness.

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Anti-War Crusade

• In 1828, the American Peace Society was formed
  which officially declared war on war. Leader
  William Ladd gave riveting speeches on ending war
  and promoted global cooperation. His society and
  it European counterpart saw promising results
  until the outbreak of the Crimean War in Europe
  and the American Civil War

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Early Schools

• One room schoolhouse, one teacher, eight grades
• Curriculum three-Rs of education (reading,
  writing, arithmetic)
• Schoolteachers were mainly men, ill-paid,
  ill-trained, and ill-tempered.
• Schools only stayed open for a few months of the
  year and many students did not stay full length.

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Horace Mann

• A brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown
  University, he became the secretary of the
  Massachusetts Board of Education. He campaigned
  effectively for more and better schoolhouses,
  longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and
  an expanded curriculum. His influence changed the
  focus of education and influenced other states.

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Education for the Disabled

• Two reformers founded special institutions to
  help people with physical disabilities. Thomas
  Gallaudet founded a school in Connecticut in 1817
  for the deaf. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe founded a
  school for the blind in 1839 called the Perkins
  Institution and Massachusetts School for the
  Blind.

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Abolition

• American Colonization Society (1816)
• David Walker, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of
  the World
• William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, and the
  American Antislavery Society
• Frederick Douglass and The North Star

• Moderate v. Radical Abolitionists
• Theodore Dwight Weld
• Angelina and Sarah Grimke
• Sojourner Truth
• James E. Birney and the Liberty Party
• Gag Rule, freedom of expression, and
  Constitutional petition

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19th Century Womanhood

• A womans place was in the home, subordinate to
  her husband
• They could not vote and could be legally beaten
  by husbands
• If married, women had no legal rights to
  property.
• 10 of women did not marry.
• Women were thought to be physically and
  emotionally weak, but also artistic and refined.
• Keepers of societys conscience.

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Early Female Activists

• Margaret Fuller (Woman in the Nineteenth Century)
• Sarah and Angelina Grimke
• Lucy Stone
• Amelia Bloomer

• Lucretia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony
• Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

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Seneca Falls Convention

• Also known as the Womens Rights Convention, this
  was a gathering of feminist activists, in 1848,
  where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her
  Declaration of Sentiments, stating that all
  men and women are created equal. The primary
  right the women demanded was suffrage. This event
  ignited the Womens Rights Movement.

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Prison And Punishment Reform

• State legislatures gradually abolished debtors
  prisons as more white males gained the right to
  vote
• Criminal codes were softened, capital offenses
  were reduced, and brutal punishments, like
  branding and whippings, were eliminated
• Dorothea Dix pursued prison reform and better
  treatment for the mentally ill
• Penitentiaries, Almshouses and Workhouses, and
  Insane Asylums

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Utopian Societies

• Various communal experiments, mostly on the small
  scale, had been attempted, but in competition
  with democratic free enterprise, all failed or
  changed their methods
• New Harmony
• Brook Farm
• Oneida Community
• Fourier Phalanxes