Chapter 18 Nutrition and Metabolism

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Chapter 18 Nutrition and Metabolism
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6 Major Nutrients

• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Proteins
• Vitamins
• Minerals

Essential vs. Nonessential
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Appetite Control

• Regulated by hypothalamus (in brain)
• Hormones
• Insulin stimulates adipose to put glucose into
  cells and store fat
• Leptin decreases appetite
• NeuropeptideY increases appetite, negative
  feedback loop based on ingested calories
• Ghrelin increases appetite (gastric bypass
  surgery decreases this hormone)

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1916 a good read! I think the 4 food groups
were milk stew, milk toast, milk pudding, and
milk soup.

• http//research.archives.gov/description/5709999

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1st use of food groups1940s
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Old food pyramid 1990s
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How can this be improved??
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New includes visual of serving sizes
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Carbohydrates

• Primary energy source (4 Calories per gram)
• Used to make ribose and deoxyribose breast milk
  (lactose)
• Monosaccharides honey, fruit
• Disaccharide lactose, sucrose
• Polysaccharides
• meats (glycogen)
• Plants (cellulose)

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Lipids

• Triglycerides most concentrated source of
  energy (9 Calories per gram)
• Used for phospholipids, cholesterol hormones,
  myelin

Adipose tissue pg 158
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Liver uses fatty acids to make other kinds of
lipids
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Food vs. Bad Cholesterol
Carriers of cholesterol
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Cholesterol processing in liver and relation to
cardiovascular disease and arterial plaques
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High levels of LDL and low levels of HDL increase
risk of heart attacks.HDL is believed to carry
LDLs away from blood vessels and back to liver
for processing.
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Proteins

• Sources meat, dairy, nuts, legumes (4 Cal/gram)
• Used for
• Antibodies, enzymes, hemoglobin
• Muscle (actin and myosin)
• Collagen, keratin, elastin (connective tissues)
• Biologically complete vs. incomplete proteins

Reticular tissue page 159
Areolar tissue page 157
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Vitamins

• Vital Amines
• Destroyed by heat
• Excess can be toxic
• Antibiotics can lead to deficiencies

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Vitamins

• Fat soluble Water Soluble
• A C
• D B
• E
• K

Mainly from meat
Bacteria, problem for babies, needed for blood
clotting
Often serve as coenzymes
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Beri-beri, vitamin B
Pellagra, vitamin B
Glossitis, vitamin B
Spina bifida, folic acid
Scurvy, vitamin C
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Rickets, Vitamin D
Goiter, Iodine
Xeropthalmia, Vitamin A
Fluorosis, fluoride
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Minerals

• Inorganic, ionized form
• Ca, P, S, K, Mg, Na, Cl, Fe, I..