19th Century Society

1
19th Century Society

• Changes and Intellectual Movements Chapter 21

2
Toward an Industrial Society

• By 1900, much of Europe had become urban and
  industrial
• 1st Industrial Revolution 1780-1850
• Textiles, coal, iron, railroads
• 2nd Industrial Revolution (last half of 19th
  century)
• Steel production, oil, electricity, chemicals
• Expansion of industry and technology created
  demand for experts with specialized knowledge
• Science and tech closely linked
• Professionals engineering, architecture,
  chemistry, accounting, and surveying
• Management

3
Toward an Industrial Society

• Urbanization
• Industrialism attracted huge numbers to cities
• Population growth
• Increased by 50 between 1870 and 1914
• Decline in mortality rates, especially among
  children
• Better medical knowledge, better nutrition, and
  better housing
• Living conditions in first half of 19th c .
• No parks and open spaces
• Lived in extremely overcrowded attics or cellars
• Open drains and sewers
• Total absence of public transportation

4
Toward and Industrial Society

• Public health movement
• Edwin Chadwick reformer of living conditions in
  cities
• Saw disease and death as primary causes of
  poverty
• Sanitary idea clean up the cities
• By 1860s and 70s, European cities had made
  significant progress in public sanitation

5
Urban Planning and Public Transportation

• France took the lead
• Georges von Haussmann redeveloped Paris
• Wide boulevards
• Better middle-class housing
• Demolition of slums
• Creation of parks and open spaces
• New system of aqueducts doubled fresh water
  supply and 400 miles of underground sewers were
  built
• Mass transportation
• 1890s electric streetcar
• Created suburbs
• Electricity led to creation of Londons subway
  system in 1860s and Paris metro in 1900

6
Migration and Emigration

• Significant migration to cities from countryside
  continued
• Huge numbers of southern and eastern Europeans
  migrated to Americas largest cities after 1880

7
Resulting Social Structure

• Increased standard of living
• Gap between wealthy and working class still huge
• golden age of the middle class
• Wages and consumption increased between 1820 and
  1850
• Growing demand for experts
• Professional training expanded and diversified
  the lower middle class
• White collar workers

8
Resulting Social Structure

• Society more diverse and less unified
• Upper-middle bankers, industrial leaders,
  large-scale commerce, top govt officials
• Employed several servants
• Middle middle smaller businessmen,
  professionals, merchants, doctors, lawyers, civil
  servants
• Employed at least one servant as a cook and maid
• Lower-middle (petite bourgeoisie) independent
  shopkeepers and small merchants, store managers,
  minor civil servants, teachers, clerks, and some
  master craftsmen such as goldsmiths
• Change from 7-20 by 1900
• Rise in women employees

9
Characteristics of the Middle Class

• Classical liberals
• Wanted protection of property
• Gained political influence
• Emphasized individual liberty and respectability
• Thrift and planning for the future
• Family foundation of social order
• Education and religion were important
• Strong feelings of nationalism

10
Characteristics of Working Class

• Peasants and hired hands
• Less unified and homogenous compared to middle
  classes
• labor aristocracy
• Construction bosses, foremen, highly skilled
  craftsmen
• Semi-skilled workers carpentry, bricklaying,
  successful factory workers
• Unskilled labor and domestic servants

11
Changing Family

• Romantic love most important reason for marriage
• Middle class females closely monitored by parents
• High rate of illegitimacy decreased after 1850
• Fidelity in marriage
• Prostitution
• Separate spheres

12
Child-reading in Middle Class Families

• Parents more emotionally involved in childrens
  lives
• Increased breastfeeding
• Lower rate of illegitimacy
• Fewer children abandoned to foundling hospitals
• Decrease in number of children
• Sought to provide more care to children
• Trend continued until after WWII
• Increase in books on child rearing
• Parents more intent on improving economic and
  social condition of children

13
Child-rearing in Working-class Families

• Children did not remain economically dependent on
  parents
• Boys and girls went to work when they reached
  adolescence

14
Classic Economics
15
Capitalism

• Adam Smith
• father of capitalism
• The Wealth of Nations 1776
• Laissez-faire, self-interest, supply and demand
• Thomas Malthus
• Population growth
• Essay on the Principle of Population 1789
• Population grows exponentially food grows
  incrementally
• Late marriage, chastity, and contraception would
  help avoid disaster

16
Capitalism

• David Ricardo
• Principles of Political Economy 1817
• iron law of wages
• If wages are raised, parents will have more
  children, more workers would be produced and
  wages would go down, less children would be
  produced and then wages would go back up and
  cycle begins again
• Wages should remain minimal
• Supported employers and discouraged unions

17
Utilitarianism

• Jeremy Bentham
• Fragment on Government (1776)
• The Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
• greatest happiness for the greatest number of
  people based on code of scientific law
• Would overcome special interests and create
  rational government

18
Early Socialism

• Causes
• Desire to reorganize society to establish
  cooperation and a new sense of community
• Modification of laissez-faire economics (Bentham
  and Mill)
• Liberal practices in politics and economics
  seemed to promote selfish individualism and
  fragmented society

19
Early Socialism

• Early French Socialists
• Count Henri de Saint-Dion
• Industrialization, aided by science, would bring
  new age to Europe
• Social organization would require parasites
  (the court, aristocracy, lawyers, churchmen) to
  give way to the doers (leading scientists,
  engineers, and industrialists)
• Goal should be improved conditions for the poor

20
Early Socialism

• Early French Socialists
• Louis Blanc
• More practical approach
• Urged workers to fight for universal suffrage and
  take control of the state peacefully
• Govt should set up workshops and factories to
  guarantee full employment (June Days
  Revolution)
• Pierre Joseph Proudhon What is Property?
• Charles Fourier
• Christian Socialism
• Evils of industrialism would be ended by
  following Christian principles

21
Scientific Socialism or Marxism

• The Communist Manifesto (1848)
• bible of Communism
• Theory of dialectical materialism
• Economic interpretation of history
• All human history determined by economic factors
  mainly who controls means of production and
  distribution
• Class struggle
• Since the beginning of time, there has been a
  struggle between the rich and the poor or the
  exploiters and the exploited
• Theory of Surplus value
• True value of a product is labor and since the
  worker received a small portion of his just labor
  price, the difference is surplus value, stolen
  from him by the capitalist

22
Scientific Socialism or Marxism

• The Communist Manifesto (1848)
• Theory of dialectical materialism (continued)
• Inevitability of Socialism
• Capitalism contains the seeds of its own
  destruction (overproduction, unemployment, etc)
• Violent revolution will be the result of
  increasing gap between proletariat and
  bourgeoisie, so great that the working class will
  rise up in revolution and overthrow the elite
  bourgeoisie
• Dictatorship of the proletariat
• working men of all countries, unite! You have
  nothing to lose but your chains.
• Creation of a classless society will result as
  modern capitalism is dismantled
• from each according to his abilities, to each
  according to his needs

23
Scientific Socialism or Marxism

• The Communist Manifesto (1848)
• Theory of dialectical materialism (continued)
• Women
• Doubly oppressed by capitalists that paid them
  low wages and exploited their labor, and by a
  society that gave women second-class status
• Women eventually played an influential role in
  socialist movement