First Aid

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First Aid

• Healthcare Science
• Technology Education

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Definition and Classifications of Wounds

• Definition An injury to body tissues
• Classifications
• Open a break in the skin or mucus membranes
• Closed no break on the skin, but there is injury
  internally

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Complications of Wounds

• Bleeding
• Infection
• Tetanus

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First Aid is directed at

• Controlling the Bleeding
• Preventing Infection
• Obtaining Treatment for Infection

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Six Types of Wounds

• Abrasion
• Incision
• Laceration

• Puncture
• Avulsion
• Amputation

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Abrasion

• This is a wound in which the skin is scraped off,
  for example, scraped knee from a fall on the
  sidewalk.
• Bleeding is usually minor but pain is present.

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Abrasion
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Incision

• This is a cut or an injury caused by a sharp
  object such as a knife or razor blade.
• If cut is deep, bleeding may be heavy and damage
  to muscles, nerves, and other tissues can occur.

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Incision
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Laceration

• This wound occurs when there is tearing of tissue
  by excessive force.
• The wound usually has jagged edges and bleeding
  may be heavy.

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Laceration
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Puncture

• This wound is caused by a sharp pointed object
  such as a nail.
• External bleeding is usually limited but internal
  bleeding can occur and is hidden.
• There is increased infection and tetanus with
  this type of wound.

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Puncture Wound
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Avulsion

• This injury occurs when tissue is torn and
  hanging from the body such as an ear or a
  finger.
• Bleeding is usually severe.
• Care must be taken to preserve the body part.

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Avulsion
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Amputation

• This injury occurs when a body part is completely
  cut off and separated from the body such as a
  finger, hand, or leg.
• Bleeding is severe and shock can occur quickly.
• Preserve the body part by wrapping it in cool
  moist dressings and put in a bag of cool water.
  Never place body part on ice!

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Amputation
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Priority for Treating Wounds

• Control the Bleeding

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Four Methods to Control Bleeding

• Direct Pressure on the injury
• Elevation of the injury
• Apply Pressure to Pressure Points
• Apply Pressure Bandage

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Direct Pressure on the Injury

• Apply pressure directly to wound for 10-15
  minutes using gloved hand and a bandage or clean
  cloth.
• If blood soaks through, put more dressings on top
  of the wound.
• Do not disturb any clots that form.

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Elevation of the Injury

• Raise the injured body part above the victims
  heat if possible.
• Continue to apply pressure to the wound.

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Pressure Points

• Apply pressure to a main artery above the injury.
• Pressure should not be used any longer than
  necessary since it impairs circulation to other
  parts of the body part.
• Continue with direct pressure and elevation of
  the injury.

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Pressure Bandage

• After bleeding is controlled, apply pressure
  bandage by wrapping the injury snugly but not
  extremely tight.
• This will continue to put pressure on the injury
  to prevent further bleeding.
• Check the pulse below the bandage to insure
  adequate circulation.

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After Bleeding is Controlled

• Call 911

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Minor Wounds Without Severe Bleeding

• Preventing Infection is the Top Priority
• Wash wound in a circular motion beginning at the
  center and working your way outward
• Rinse well, blot dry.
• Apply sterile dressing or bandage.
• Monitor for signs of Infection.

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Signs of Infection

• Swelling
• Heat
• Redness
• Pain

• Red Streaks leading from the wound
• Pus
• Fever

Prompt Treatment is needed if symptoms of
Infection Develop
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Closed Wound

• If wound is bruised Apply Ice to Decrease Swelling

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Danger Symptoms of Internal Bleeding and Shock

• Pain
• Swelling
• Deformity
• Cold, clammy Skin
• Rapid Weak Pulse

• Uncontrolled Restlessness
• Excessive Thirst
• Vomited Blood
• Blood in Urine or Feces

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Shock (Hypoperfusion)

• ShockInadequate distribution of blood to an
  organ or organs of the body. The progression
  toward death.
• Always be alert to the symptoms of shock and
  treat promptly by positioning the victim in a
  lying position with feet elevated. Cover victim
  with a blanket.
• Remain Calm while giving first aid treatment to
  your victim!