Fundamentals of Information Technology

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Fundamentals of Information Technology
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A World of Computers

• What is computer literacy?

• Knowledge and understanding of computer and its
  uses

• Computers are everywhere

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What Is a Computer?

• How is a computer defined?

• Electronic device operating under the control of
  instructions stored in its own memory

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Advantages of Using Computers

• What are the advantages of using computers?

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Disadvantages of Using Computers

• What are the disadvantages of using computers?

Violation ofPrivacy
Public Safety
Impact onLabor Force
Health Risks
Impact onEnvironment
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Generation of Computers

• First Generation (1946-1954 ) Vacuum tubes
• Second Generation (1955-1965) Transistors
• Third Generation (1968-1975 ) Integrated
  Circuits (IC)
• Fourth Generation ( 1976-1980) Very Large Scale
  Integrated Circuits
• (VLSI)
• Fifth Generation (1980 till today ) Ultra
  Scale Integrated Circuits (ULSI)
• 
  Micro Processor (SILICON CHIP)

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What Is a Computer?

• What is the information processing cycle?

• Input
• Process
• Output
• Storage
• Communication

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The Components of a Computer

• Hardware of a modern Personal Computer.
• 1. Monitor2. Motherboard3.CPU4.RAM5.Expansi
  on cards6. Power supply7.Optical disc drive8.
  Hard disk drive9. Keyboard10.Mouse

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The Components of a Computer

• What is an input device?

• It is used
• to enter data
• and instructions

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The Components of a Computer

• What is an output device?

• Hardware that
• conveys information to one or morepeople

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The Components of a Computer

• What is the system unit?

• Case containing
• electronic
• components of the computer that are used to
  process data

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The Components of a Computer

• What are two main components on the motherboard?

Processor Also called a Central Processing Unit
(CPU) The electronic component that interprets
and carries out the basic instructions that
operate the computer
Memory Consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed and
data needed by those instructions
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The Components of a Computer

• What is a storage device?

• Holds data, instructions, and information for
  future use

• Storage media
• Physical material on which data, instructions,
  and information are stored

• Storage device
• Records and retrieves items to and from a
  storage medium

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The Components of a Computer

• What are storage media?

Hard Disks
USB Flash Drives
CDs
Memory Cards
DVDs
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The Components of a Computer

• What is a storage device?

Retrieves(reads)items from storagemedia
Records (writes)items to storagemedia
Often functionas a sourceof input
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The Components of a Computer

• What is a USB flash drive?

• Portable storage device
• Small and lightweight enough to be transported
  on a keychain or in a pocket
• The average USB flash drivecan hold about 1-64
  billioncharacters

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The Components of a Computer

• What is a hard disk?

• Provides greater storage capacity than a USB
  flash drive

• Most are housed inside of the system unit

• What is an SSD?

• Provides storage capacity comparable to a hard
  disk, but faster.
• Most are housed inside of the system unit

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The Components of a Computer

• What is a compact disc?

• Flat, round, portable metal disc
• CD/-R and DVD/-R also called WORM technology
  Write_Once_Read_Many

• CD-ROM
• CD/-R
• CD/-R/W
• DVD-ROM
• DVD/-R
• DVD/-R/W

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Networks and the Internet

• A network is a collection of computers and
  devices connected together

Used to share
Resources
Hardware devices
Software programs
To save time and money
Data
Information
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Communication device

• What is a communications device?

Hardware component that enables a computer to
send and receive data, instructions, and
information
Occurs over cables, telephonelines, cellular
radio networks,satellites, and other
transmission media
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5 Basic Components

• Every communication system has 5 basic
  requirements
• Data Source (where the data originates)
• Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
• Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
• Receiver (device used to receive data)
• Destination (where the data will be placed)

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5 Basic Components
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Transmission Media

• Transmission media are of two types
• Guided cables such as Twisted pair, Coaxial and
  Fibre Optics.
• Unguided Non cable methods such as satellite
  communication, microwave transmission, wireless
  and bluetooth.

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Networks and the Internet

• What is the Internet?

• Worldwide collection of networks that connects
  millions of businesses, government agencies,
  educational institutions, and individuals

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Networks and the Internet
Why do users access the Internet (1969)?

1. Communications

1. Information

1. Shopping

1. Banking and Investing

1. Classes

1. Entertainment

7. Download Music
8. Share Information
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Networks and the Internet

• What is the Web (1989)?

• Billions of documents, called Web pages,
  available to anyone connected to the Internet

A Web site is a collection of related Web pages
You can share information on a socialnetworking
Web site
A podcast is recorded audio stored on a Web
sitethat can bedownloaded
A Web page contains text, graphics, audio,
video, and links to other Web pages
A blog consists of time-stamped articles ina
journal format
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Computer Software

• What is software?

Consists of a seriesof instructions thattells
the computerwhat to do andhow to do it
Also called aprogram or a collection of
programs.

• Types of Software Application Software System
  Software

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Computer Software

• What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?

• Allows you to interact with the software using
  graphics and visual images such as icons
• Controls how you enter data and instructions and
  how the screen displays information

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Computer Software

• What is system software?

• Programs that control or maintain the operations
  of the computer and its devices

Operating System (OS)is a set of programs that
coordinates all activities among computer
hardware devices
Utility Programs allow the user to perform
maintenance-type tasks usually related to
managing a computer, its devices or its programs
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Definition of an OS

• An Operating System (OS) is a program which acts
  as an interface between computer system users and
  the computer hardware.
• It provides a user-friendly environment in which
  a user may easily develop and execute programs.
• Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be mandatory
  for computer programming.
• So, it can be said that an OS hides the
  complexity of hardware from uninterested users.
• Examples of OS are Windows, Linux, Unix, DOS etc.

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Functions of an OS

• The OS manages these resources and allocates them
  to specific programs and users.
• With the management of the OS, a programmer is
  rid of difficult hardware considerations.
• An OS provides services for
• Processor Management
• Memory Management
• File Management
• Device Management
• Concurrency Control

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Computer Software

• What is application software?

• Programs designed to make users more productive
• Create/Produce useful data

Spreadsheet
Word Processing
Presentation Graphics
Database
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Computer Software

• What is a programmer?

• Someone who developsapplication or system
  software

• Programmer writesthe instructions todirect the
  computer toprocess data intoinformation

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Categories of Computers
Personal Computers(desktop)
Mobile Computers andMobile Devices
Game Consoles
Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded Computers
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Personal Computers

• What are the two most popular series of personal
  computers?

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Personal Computers

• What is a desktop computer?

• Designed so all of the components fit on or under
  a desk or table

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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

• What is a notebook computer?

• Portable, small enough to fit on your lap
• Also called a laptop computer
• Generally more expensive than desktop computers
  with equal capabilities

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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

• What is a Tablet PC?

• Resembles a letter-sized slate

• Allows you to write on the screen using a digital
  pen

• Especially useful for taking notes

Can you say UPS, FEDEX, DHL?
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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

• What is a handheld computer?

• iPad, etc. !!

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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

• What are smart phones?

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Game Consoles

• What are game consoles?

Like the Xbox, Wii, Sony PlayStation3
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Servers

• What types of servers are there?

Server Controls access to network resources and
provides centralized storage
Mainframe Very powerful, expensive computer that
supports thousands of connected users Also
called an Enterprise Server
Supercomputer The fastest, most powerful, most
expensive computer. Used for applications
requiring complex mathematical calculations
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Embedded Computers

• What is an embedded computer?

• A special-purpose computer that functions as a
  component in a larger product

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Examples of Computer Usage

• What software is available for a home user?
• Personal Finance Management
• Web access
• Communications
• Entertainment
• (Games)

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Examples of Computer Usage

• What software is available for a small
  office/home office (SOHO) user?

• Productivity software
• Specialty software
• Web usage
• E-mail
• (Games)