Title: Screening
1???
??
Screening
2 ??????????????????????,?????????(biomarkers)??
?????????,???????????????,?????????????,?????????,
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3??
- ??? ??
- ??? ???????
- ??? ???????
4??? ? ?
- ?????
- ????????
- ?????
- ????
- ?????
- ????
5 ?????
- ??(screening)???????????????????,????????????????
????????,????????????? - ?????????????????????,??????????
6(No Transcript)
7 ????????
- ???????????????????????????????????????,?????????
???????????(?????)? - ???????????????,?????,?????????????
- ??????????????,??????????,??????????
8 ?????
- ???? (mass screening)
- ????? (selective screening)
- ????(single screening)
- ????(multiple screening)
9 ?????
- ????? (therapeutic screening)
- ????? (preventive screening)
- ?????(active screening)
- ?????(opportunistic screening)
10 ????
- ?????
- ???????
- ?????
- ??????
11?????
- ?????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????
???????? - ?????????????????????,????????????(detectable
preclinical phase,DPCP)???????????(detectable
preclinical marker)???????,?????????????? - ??????????????????????????
12(No Transcript)
13- ??????????????????????????,??????,??????????
?,?????????????????????????
14 ?????
15 ????
- 2005?,??????????8???12??????????????,?????????
?????????? - ????
- ???????
- ????
- ????
16??? ???????
- ???????
- ?????????
- ????
- ??????????????
17 ???????
- ????(screening test)?????????????????????????????
?????????? - ?????????????????X???????????????????
18 19????????????
???? ????
?? ?????????? ????????
?? ???????????????????? ???????????????????
?? ????????,????? ???????????
?? ???????? ??????
?? ??????????????? ????????????????
20 ?????????
- ??????????????????????????????????(gold
standard)????????,??????????????????
21?????
- ???????????????????????????????????
- ??????????????????????????????,??????????
22??????
- ???????????????????????
- ?????????????????????? ?
- ???????????????????,?????????????????????????????
????
23?????
- ???????????
- ???????????
- ???????(??),???0.05
- ????d,???0.050.10
- ???????????50?,???????
p?????????????????
24- ???????????????75,?????55,???????????
?????? - ?? 0.05,? 0.08,?
-
- ??,???????,???????113?,???????149??
25??????
???? ??? ??? ??
???? ?? ??? ??
?? ??? A ??? B R1
?? ??? C ??? D R2
?? C1 C2 N
26 ????
27???
- ???(validity),????,??????????????,??????(accuracy)
? - ???????????
- ????????
- ????????
- ????
- ???
28????????
- ???(sensitivity),??????(true positive
rate),???????????????????????????? - ????????????????
?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?
?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?
?? A B R1
?? C D R2
?? C1 C2 N
29- ????(false negative rate),?????,?????,????????????
????? - ?????????????????
?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?
?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?
?? A B R1
?? C D R2
?? C1 C2 N
30 ????????
- ???(specificity),??????(true negative
rate),??????????????????????? - ?????????????????
?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?
?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?
?? A B R1
?? C D R2
?? C1 C2 N
31- ????(false positive rate),?????,?????,????????????
??? - ?????????????????
?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?
?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?
?? A B R1
?? C D R2
?? C1 C2 N
32 ????
- ??????(Youdens index),????????????1,?????????????
???????? - ????????01???????,???????
- ???? (??? ???) 1
- 1 (???? ????)
33 ???
- ???(likelihood ratio, LR)??????????????????,??????
?????????????????????????? - ?????????????????,?????
- ??????????????,?????????
34 ?????(positive likelihood ratio,LR)
- ??????????????????
- ??????????????????????????????????
- ????,?????????????????
35- ?????(negative likelihood ratio, -LR)
- ???????????????????????
- ?????????????????????????????
- ????,??????????????????
36?1. ????????????????
???? ??? ??? ??
???? ?? ??? ??
?? 165 80 245
?? 45 730 775
?? 210 810 1020
37?????????????
38???
- ???(reliability),????????(???,precision)??
???(repeatability),??????????????(?????)??????????
????????????
39????????
- ????????????,????????,????????,???????,??????
- ????????????????
- ????(CV) (???/????)100
40 ???
- ???(agreement/consistency
rate),?????,????????????????????????????????
?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?
?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?
?? A B R1
?? C D R2
?? C1 C2 N
41 Kappa?
?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?
?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?
?? A B R1
?? C D R2
?? C1 C2 N
42??1?????????Kappa?
43????????????
44???
- ???(predictive value)???????????????????
????????????
45?????
- ?????(positive predictive value, PPV)
?????????????(???)????
?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?
?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?
?? A B R1
?? C D R2
?? C1 C2 N
46?????
- ?????(negative predictive value,
NPV)????????????????????
?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?
?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?
?? A B R1
?? C D R2
?? C1 C2 N
47??1????????????????
48??????????????????
- ??????????????????????????,??Bayes??????
????
49?7-1 ????????????????????????????
??? () ??? () ??? () ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? PPV () NPV ()
??? () ??? () ??? () ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? PPV () NPV ()
50 50 50 250 250 500 50 50
- 250 250 500
?? 500 500 1000
20 50 50 100 400 500 20 80
- 100 400 500
?? 200 800 1000
20 90 50 180 400 580 31 95
- 20 400 420
?? 200 800 1000
20 50 90 100 80 180 56 88
- 100 720 820
?? 200 800 1000
50?????????????,??????????
51?????????????,??????????,
????????????????95?????, ????????????????85?
????
52 ??????????????
- ???????????????,??????,??????????????,???????
?????????? - ????????????????(cut off point)????,?????????????
??????????
53(No Transcript)
54???????????????????????
55- ?????????(receiver operator characteristic
curve, ROC)??????????????????,????????????????? - ROC???????????(1-???),????????(???),?????????????
????????????????????????
56(No Transcript)
57- ROC?????????????????????????????????,????
ROC???????
58??? ???????
59 ?????????
60??
- ??(yield)?????,???????????
- ??????????????
- ?????????
- ?????????(?????)
- ???????????
- ??????
61??????????
???? ???(1/10?) ?????()
????(??) 35 0.4
??75??? 500 5.6
????????? 50000 93.0
62????
- ??????,?????????????????,?????????????,?????
??,??????????? - ?? ?????????????????????????????
- ?? ???????,?????????????????????????????
63?7-2 OB?OA???????????
???? ???? ????? ??????
OB OA ????? ??????
- 19 3
- 23 16
27 2
- - 6 69
?? ?? 75 90
64- ??????(OB)
- ???
??? - ????????
- ???
??? - ????
- ???
??? - ????
- ???
???
65????????
- ???
- ???
- ???
- ????(index of effectiveness,IE)
- ???????(absolute risk reduction,ARR)
- ???????(relative risk reduction,RRR)
- ??????(number needed to be screened,NNBS)
66??????????
- ??-????(cost-effectiveness analysis)
??????????????????????? - ??-????(cost-benefit analysis)
????????????????????????? - ??-????(cost-utility analysis)
????????????????????????????
67 ??????????
- ??????(lead time bias)
- ??????(length bias)
- ??????(over diagnosis bias)
- ?????(volunteer bias)
68??????
- ????(lead time)????????,????????????,????????????,
?????????????? - ???????????????????????????????????????
69(No Transcript)
70??????
71??????
72?????
- ????????????,??????????,?????????????????????
???????
73? ?
- ??????????????????????????,??????,??????
- ???????,??????????,?????????,???????????,?????????
??? - ???????????????????????????????????
- ????????????????????????????
- ????????????????????????????????,?????????????????
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