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Computer Languages

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Title: Computer Languages


1
Computer Languages
  • Computing

2
Machine Code
  • The only type of program a computer can run is a
    machine code program.
  • which looks like this.

3
Low Level Languages
  • Low-level languages were developed to make it
    easier for programmers to write and edit programs.
  • Each machine code instruction is given a
    mnemonic.

4
Assembler
  • A Low level language is often called an Assembly
    Language.
  • A computer cannot run an Assembly Language
    program.
  • An Assembler converts an Assembly Language
    program into machine code then the computer can
    run it.

5
Assembly Language
  • It takes many instructions to perform simple
    tasks.
  • Assembled programs run fast so needed for Eg.
    Games.

..but Assembly language programming is still hard
workso.
6
High Level Languages
  • A high level language uses recognisable
    instructions closer to English!
  • It is easier for programmers to develop and edit
    high level programsand this will mean faster
    program development.
  • and fewer bugs!

7
Program Translators
  • A High level language program need to be
    translated into machine code programs before a
    computer can run it.
  • Compilers translate high level language source
    code into executable object code programsthat
    the computer can run.
  • Interpreters translate each line of a high level
    language program, running each instruction as it
    does so.

8
Examples of High Level Languages
  • FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) used for
    scientific computing.
  • ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
  • COBOL (Common Business Orientated Language) used
    for commercial programming.
  • BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic
    Instruction Code) a learning language.
  • PASCAL A well-structured teaching language.
  • C, C, C, C - Evolved from Algol.
  • JAVA Popular language used for teaching
    programming
  • and many, many more..

9
High Level Languages
  • Scientific languages would have powerful
    mathematical functions, and facilities for high
    precision arithmetic to many decimal places
  • Commercial languages would have many data
    processing functions (searching and sorting) and
    filing facilities.

10
HTML
ltbody bgcolorbluegt lttablegt lttrgt lttdgtltfont
facearial colorredgtRonaldoslt/fontgtlt/tdgt lttd
gtltfont facearial colorwhitegtFirst
Pagelt/fontgtlt/tdgt lt/trgt lttrgt lttdgtltimg
srcc\ronaldo.jpg alignrightgtlt/imggtlt/tdgt lt/t
rgt lt/tablegt lta hrefpage2.htmgtPage 2lt/agt lt/bodygt
  • ..stands for HyperText Markup Language.
  • .... is used to develop web pages. A web page is
    really a program written in HTML with
    instructions for the web browser telling it how
    to display the page.
  • Hyperlinks can be used for navigation between web
    pages.
  • Multimedia objects can be embedded in a web page.

11
Special-Purpose Languages
  • Some languages have a special purpose such as
  • PROLOG for Artificial Intelligence
  • GASP - for Simulation
  • OCCAM for parallel processing systems.
  • ADA for programming embedded systems.

12
Procedural Languages
  • A sequence of instructions is executed.
  • use variables, program control (loops etc) and
    subroutines.
  • Examples PASCAL, BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL.

13
Non-Procedural Languages
  • A set of facts
  • and a set of rules, from which information is
    deduced.

14
Example (Non-procedural Language)PROLOG
  • Facts
  • Parent(Tom, Bob)
  • Parent(Pam,Bob)
  • Male(Tom)
  • ..and a set of rules
  • Father(X,Y)
  • parent(X,Y)
  • Male(X)
  • Brother(X,Y)
  • parent(Z,X)
  • Parent(Z,Y)
  • Male(X)

and a query which is answered by applying the
facts and rules ? father(who,Bob) who Tom
15
Object Oriented Programming Languages (OOPs)
  • Objects have Properties and Methods.
  • Properties can be set initially or at run-time.
  • Methods are the things the object can do.

Examples of OOPs C, VB .NET, JAVA, PHP, PYTHON)
16
Fundamentals of an OOP
  • A Class defines the properties and methods of
    something.A DOG is a class Properties may
    include Colour, Breed, No of Legs, etc Methods
    may be Bark, Eat, Run, Sit, etc..
  • An Object is a particular instance of a
    Class.LASSIE is an instance of a DOG
  • A Sub-Class may be defined such as SPANIEL that
    INHERITS the methods and properties of the Class
    DOG.

17
Visual Languages
  • Visual Languages allow the programmer to
    manipulate objects visually on a form, and set
    their layout and properties.
  • Often used to create Microsoft Windows
    Applications.
  • Examples Visual Basic, Visual C, Delphi.

18
ALL programming languages must have
  • International Standards.
  • Difficult to create because of different hardware
    and software manufacturers.
  • An unambiguous syntax.
  • There should never be two different ways for a
    computer to interpret an instruction.
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