Star Review

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Star Review
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Cell Review
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• Cell types
• Prokaryotic cell- a cell that LACKS membrane
  bound organelles.
• Example bacteria Curable with antibiotics!!

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B. Eukaryotic cell- cells that have a membrane
bound nucleus and organelles. -animals plants
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• C. Virus
• genetic information surrounded by a protein coat
• require a host to reproduce
• Examples Those infecting humans include polio,
  influenza, herpes, smallpox, chickenpox, and
  human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing AIDS.
  Not curable!!

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Viruses
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II. Eukaryotic cell parts A. Cell Membrane -
selectively permeable/semipermeable controls
what enters and exits cell -structure
phospholipid bilayer (2 layers)
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-embedded in the membrane can be proteins
globular proteins (ion channels) , cholesterol,
carbohydrates
B. Cytoplasm clear gel-like material that holds
organelles in place
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III. The Organelles A. Endoplasmic reticulum
-membranous channels -communication
system -transports molecules from one cell
part to another
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1. Smooth ER -contains enzymes to make lipid
based molecules, including steroids 2. Rough
ER -RIBOSOMES attached to (synthesize
proteins) -proteins move through ER to GOLGI
apparatus for further processing
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B. Ribosomes -found on ER or scattered in
cytoplasm -location of Protein synthesis
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C. Golgi apparatus -refines and packages
proteins made by ribosomes -packaged proteins
are transported out of the cell by exocytosis
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D. Mitochondria -location of aerobic
respiration -releases energy in the form of ATP
found in higher concentration in tissues with a
higher rate of metabolism (examples heart muscle
and skeletal muscle).
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Mitochondria
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E. Nucleus -contains DNA
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F. Chloroplast (plants only) -contains
chlorophyll -location of photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis equation 6H2O 6CO2 ----------gt
C6H12O6 6O2
2 phases Light dependent requires light -make
ATP used in 2nd phase -splits water hydrogens
are used in 2nd phase and oxygen is released as
a gas
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Light independent -uses ATP to put together CO2
and hydrogen to make glucose CO2 hydrogen
C6H12O6 (glucose)
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VI. Cellular reproduction Def 1. Diploid 2N
cell has both sets of homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes homo same, these
chromosome pairs carry the same
information Example Humans, 2N 46
2. Haploid N half the number of
chromosomes Example Humans, N 23
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A. Mitosis nuclear division Phases
Interphase- replicate DNA Prophase- like
chromatids together Metaphase- chromosomes
line-up Anaphase- chromosomes pulled
apart Telophase- nucleus separates B.
cytokinesis division of cytoplasm
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Human body cell
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Chromosomes double (replication)
Nucleus divides by MITOSIS creating 2 INDENTICAL
cells
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B. Meiosis cellular division of sex cells
(gametes)
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DNA doubles
Meiosis in humans
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DNA divides in half
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23
23
23
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XY
XXYY
Meiosis in MALES
XX
YY
Y
Y
X
X
4 SPERM 22 chromosomes X FEMALE 22
chromosomes Y MALE
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XX
Meiosis in FEMALES
XXXX
XX

3 POLAR BODIES, from unequal distribution of
cytoplasm
X
1 EGG 22 chromosomes X
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Crossing over- a random exchange of genes
between homologous chromosomes occurs, causing
variation.
Exchange of genetic information
Crossing-over
Homologous Chromosomes
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Definition Review Diploid 2n, full number of
chromosomes, somatic/body cells
(mitosis) Haploid n, half the number of
chromosomes, sex cells (meiosis)
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Protein synthesis
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DNA vs. RNA

• Double strand
• Stays in nucleus
• Sugar deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
• Guanine

• Single strand
• Leaves nucleus
• Sugar ribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases
• Adenine
• URACIL
• Cytosine
• Guanine

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How to read the mRNA from the codon UGG
G
G
U
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Proteins polymer made of smaller units amino
acids (monomer). Different proteins are made by
different arrangements of the amino acids and
lengths of the chain. Mutation change of a
gene, could be a substitution of a base, a
deletion of a base, or insertion that changes the
order inherited passed through DNA produces
genetic diversity.
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Genetics Review
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Definition review Allele forms of a
gene Dominant trait represented by capital
letter trait is expressed (phenotype) GG or
Gg Recessive trait represented by lower case
letter trait is only expressed if paired with
another recessive trait. gg Genotype what the
genes say GG, Gg, gg Phenotype how the gene is
expressed, what you see
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Sex-linked trait trait located only on X
chromosome Example Colorblindness is a recessive
sex-linked trait C normal c
colorblind XCXC female normal XCXc female
normal (carrier) XCY male normal XcY male
colorblind
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Punnett Square diagram used for analysis of
allele segregation shows possible outcomes of
offspring G green g yellow
G g
Homozygous/pure GG or gg
GG
Gg
G g
green
green
Heterozygous Gg
gg
Gg
yellow
green
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Evolution
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Natural selection organisms with favorable
genetic variations will tend to survive and breed
successfully. Species group of organisms that
breed with one another and produce fertile
offspring. They share a common
gene-pool. Genetic Drift random change (not by
natural selection) in allele frequency that
occurs in small populations. This generally
reduces diversity within a population.
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• Isolating Mechanism- for a new species to evolve
  the gene pools of two populations must become
  reproductively separated. Reproductive isolation
  is when members of two populations cannot
  interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
• Behavioral Isolation 2 populations are capable
  of interbreeding, but have differences in their
  mating behaviors.
• 2. Geographic Isolation 2 populations are
  separated by a geographic barrier.
• 3. Temporal Isolation 2 or more species
  reproduce at different times.

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Ecology
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Producers autotrophs make their own food, from
sunlight Consumers heterotrophs rely on other
organisms for their energy supply Herbivores
eat plants Carnivores eat animals Omnivores
eat plants animals Detritivores eat animal
remains Decomposers break down organic matter
(bacteria and fungi)
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Energy pyramid shows the decreasing amounts of
energy, living tissue, or numbers of organisms at
successive feeding levels. The divisions
represent each trophic level.
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Physiology
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General Body System Information Nervous System
collecting, transferring and processing
information. Organs include the brain, spinal
cord, and nerves.
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Autonomic Nervous System(subconscious activities)

• Sympathetic
• Stress reaction
• Fight-or-flight (adrenaline)
• Primes body for intense skeletal muscle activity

• Parasympathetic
• Maintenance functions
• Rest-and-repair
• Counterbalances sympathetic function

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Reflexes automatic responses (information is
processed in spinal cord). Reflex arc pathway
of impulse Receptor (what is felt/sensory)-sensory
neuron-interneuron (located in spinal
cord)-motor neuron-effectors (muscles)
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Reflex arc
2. Sensory Neuron
1. Receptor
3. Interneuron
Skin
Muscle
Cross section of spinal cord
4. Motor Neuron
5. Effectors
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Endocrine System is a system of glands/organs
that release hormones. The endocrine system
regulates metabolism (thyroid gland), growth
(human growth), puberty (estrogen/progesterone
and testosterone), and tissue function. It also
plays a part in determining mood and sleep
patterns. Hormones are chemical messengers that
travel through the blood.
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Lymphatic system involved in the transfer of
lymph fluid between tissues and the blood stream.
Organs include the lymph nodes and vessels.
Immune system defending against disease-causing
agents (pathogens including bacteria or viruses)
with leukocytes (white blood cells), lymphocytes
(T-cells B-cells) tonsils, adenoids, thymus,
and spleen. Immunizations/Vaccines Work by
injecting a person with weakened/killed bacteria
or virus their body will produce antibodies to
fight off that infection.
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Circulatory System This system transports
nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins),
gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), and wastes
(urea) to and from cells. It helps to stabilize
body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis
(a stable internal environment). The main
components of the human circulatory system are
the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels
(arteries, veins, capillaries).
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Respiratory system function is to allow gas
exchange oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide from
blood by the process of diffusion (passive
transport). The respiratory system includes the
trachea, bronchiole tubes, lungs, and the
respiratory muscles.
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Urinary system functions include maintaining
fluid balance, electrolyte balance and formation
and excretion of urine. Organs include the
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
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Digestive system digestion (mechanically and
chemically) of food. Organs include the
salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and
anus.
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Reproductive system function to pass on genes
and produce offspring. The organs include in the
female ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary glands, and in the male testes, vas
deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.
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Good luck!!