Global Studies

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Global Studies Unit 1 Origins of Civilization
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Prehistory is the time before written records
were kept. Because these people didnt write
down their history we have to do our best to
figure out what happened.
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The study of past societies through an analysis
of what people have left behind.
Artifacts are those things that people left
behind, they can include
Tools and Weapons
Art and Sculpture
Pottery
Ancient Buildings and Monuments
Human Remains
Jewelry
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The study of human life and culture
The remains of ancient plants and animals. By
studying fossils archaeologists and
anthropologists can learn about what people ate,
what animals they had around, and their way of
life.
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Humans and other creatures that walk upright on
two feet.
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About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens
emerged. Homo Sapiens means Wise Person. This
group split into two distinct groups Neanderthals
and Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Found in the Neander Valley in Germany. Thought
to have lived between 100,000 and 30,000 years
ago. Used stone tools, and buried their dead. It
is thought they had some primitive religious
beliefs.
Neanderthals
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
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Modern Human Beings Appeared in Africa between
150,000-200,000 years ago Began to migrate
outside of Africa 100,000 years ago. Replaced the
Neanderthals by 30,000 B.C.. By 10,000 B.C. Homo
Sapiens Sapiens could be found throughout the
world due to migration.
During the last ice age between 100,000 B.C. and
8000 B.C. the water level in the oceans dropped
revealing a land bridge connecting Asia and North
America
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The Stone Age
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How is the Stone Age divided?

• Paleolithic Period-Old Stone Age-the period from
  2.5 million B.C. to around 8000 B.C. During this
  time man mastered fire, created stone tools, and
  developed a spoken language.
• Neolithic Age-New Stone Age-the period from 8000
  B.C. to 3000 B.C. During this time man used
  polished stone tools, created tools made of
  copper, made pottery, grew crops, and raised
  animals.

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Paleo means old Lithic means
stone Paleolithic Old Stone Age. This era was
called the stone age because early man used stone
to make his tools and weapons.
Paleolithic man lived in groups called
clans. These clans got their food by Hunting and
Gathering Once the food supply ran out they would
move to a different area. Because they moved
from place to place they were Nomadic.
Essential Knowledge Were Nomadic Wandered from
place to place in search of food and
shelter Invented the first tools and weapons
including simple stone tools. Lived in groups
called clans of about 20-30 people, used caves
for shelter. Learned to make and control fire to
keep warm and cook their food. Developed oral, or
spoken language Made cave art and statues.
The role of men was to do the hunting The role of
women was gathering and caring for children
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Use of Fire Early man learned to use fire to
adapt to his environment. It was probably
discovered from friction, lightning, or
accidental hitting two rocks together. Ice
Ages Fire was very important during the ice ages.
Without fire man would not have been able to
survive. Cave Art Man has created art for a
very long time. There is some argument as to
what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art
as a form of religion?
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What types of tools were created by Paleolithic
people?

• They created tools such as spears, hand axes, and
  arrows from wood and a material called flint.
• They created tools such as needles and fishhooks
  from animal bones.

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How did Paleolithic people live?

• They were nomads traveling from place to place in
  search of food.
• Women gathered berries, nuts, and grain.
• Men hunted using clubs, spears, traps, and bows
  and arrows.
• These types of people are called
  Hunter-Gatherers.

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What kinds of shelters did Paleolithic people
create?

• Some lived in caves for short periods of time
• Others created shelters from hides and wooden
  poles
• They were constantly in search of a safe place to
  stay.

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What important discovery occurred during the
Paleolithic Age ?

• The people tamed fire for things like cooking,
  light, and warmth.
• Taming fire helped keep Paleolithic people warm
  during the ice ages.

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How did Paleolithic people communicate?

• Paleolithic people developed a spoken language.
• This language helped them work together and pass
  on knowledge.
• They did not have a written language.

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Why do historians believe cave art was created?

• They think that cave art had a religious meaning.
  
• Some think that paintings of animals might have
  been done to bring good luck during a hunt.

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Neo means new Lithic means stone Neolithic
means new stone age.
The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution was the
change from the Paleolithic period to the
Neolithic Period. The thing that allowed for
this change was the discovery of agriculture. It
is thought that women discovered
agriculture. Systematic Agriculture was the
consistent growing of crops on a continuing
basis. Domestication of Animals In addition to
growing crops Neolithic man also tamed animals
for hunting (dogs) and other animals for their
food such as sheep, cows, etc. . .
Developed Agriculture Domesticated Animals Used
Advanced Stone Tools Developed Weaving (better
clothing) Made Pottery (for food storage)
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How did things change in the Neolithic Age?

• The Ice Ages started to end and a warmer climate
  began.
• People began to domesticate or tame animals for
  human use. Animals provided meat, milk, and
  wool. They also carried goods and pulled carts.
• Women scattered seeds they had collected only to
  find that the seeds sprouted into crops. People
  realized they could grow their own food.

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What do historians believe is one of the most
important events in human history?

• The beginning of farming and growing crops or the
  Neolithic Revolution.

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What is the Neolithic (farming) revolution?

• A revolution is a change that greatly affects
  many areas of life.
• People began growing crops around the world at
  about the same time probably because of the
  warmer climate.
• Now people could stay in one place and not wander
  in search of food.

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Why did farmers build permanent homes?

• They needed to stay close to their fields to
  water and care for the crops.
• They needed to watch the fields against wild
  animals or theft.

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What are the benefits of growing crops?

• Steady food supplies meant healthy, growing
  populations
• Food surpluses allowed some workers to
  specialize in other jobs
• Food surpluses allowed people to trade with other
  villagers to acquire needed items

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What types of work did Specialized workers
perform?

• Some made pottery from clay
• Other jobs included toolmakers, weavers, priests
  and priestesses

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One of the earliest farming villages of the
Neolithic is Catal Huyuk. It was located in
Turkey and at the base of 2 volcanoes. The
people of Catal Huyuk used the obsidian obtained
from dried volcanic lava to make products.
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Found in Anatolia (Modern Day Turkey) Its walls
enclosed 32 acres and up to 6,000 people. Grew
many different crops and developed artisans and
trade.
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Catal Huyuk

• Early farming village in Asia Minor (modern
  Turkey)
• About 10,000 years old
• Houses were built butting up to one another and
  on top of one another.
• Dead were buried under platforms used as beds.
• Probably worshipped a mother goddess based on
  statues of women found at the site.

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Archaeology at Catal Huyuk

• Famous dig has been in process for over 15
  years.
• The site was found under a huge mound of earth
  and debris.

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Catal Huyuk Home
Mud bricks dry in the sunThe bricks hardened in
seven to fifteen days. More than 800 of them were
used to build the house!
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A clay oven used for cooking and warmth is inside
the house.
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Living area of the house with oven and ladder to
roof entry.
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Dead were buried here.
Burial site of woman and child.
Sleeping area of the house.
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Roof entry into the house.
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Artist recreates wall painting using water, iron
oxide red pigment, ammonia, and a milk product.
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What metals did Neolithic people begin to work
with?

• Toolmakers experimented with using metal to make
  tools
• At first they used copper which they heated and
  poured into molds
• Later they mixed copper and tin to form bronze.
  Bronze was harder and more useful than copper.
• Historians now call the period from 3000 BC to
  1200 BC The Bronze Age