Britain: The Puritan Revolution

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Section 4.19

• Britain The Puritan Revolution

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Questions to Consider

• What comparisons may be made between events in
  England in the 17th century and developments on
  the Continent?
• Why did Parliament come into conflict with James
  I? with Charles I? How did the special nature of
  Parliament make its resistance effective? How did
  the civil war begin? How did Cromwell emerge as
  ruler of England?
• Describe the government of England under the
  Commonwealth and the Protectorate. What is meant
  by the regime of the major generals?
• What policies did Cromwell follow toward
  Scotland? Toward Ireland? In foreign affairs?
  Toward the more radical elements emerging in
  England?
• How would you evaluate Cromwells role in English
  history?

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Terms to Know

• Puritan
• Presbyterian
• Anglican
• James VI of Scotland
• True Law of Free Monarchy
• Tunnage and poundage
• Archbishop Laud
• Prerogative courts
• Ship money case
• Long Parliament

• Solemn League and Covenant
• Roundheads
• Prides Purge
• The Rump
• Levelers
• Diggers
• Instrument of Government

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Introduction

• 1648 England embroiled in a civil war
• Not at Westphalia
• Viewed as mild variation of the Wars of Religion
• Causes of English Revolution
• Religion Political power POOPOO KAAKAA
• Extreme Protestant Calvinists (Puritans) v.
  moderate Protestant (Anglicans)
• Monarchy v. Parliament
• Wars relatively mild
• Wars between England and Ireland are savage

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In-coming!!!!
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England in the Seventeenth Century

• Age of expansion
• Pop. 4-5 mil in 1600
• Religious discontent led to migration
• Puritan migration to New England and the
  Caribbean
• 40, 000 total
• Scots settle in Ireland
• Catholics in Maryland
• Anglicans in Virginia

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England in the Seventeenth Century

• Laissez faire policy in pre 1650 migration
• After 1650 adopts policy of state directed
  colonization
• take NY from Dutch, Pa, Carolinas, Jamaica taken
  from Spain

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English culture blossoms

• Shakespeare/Milton
• Rugged in form deep in content
• English could not yield to French standards
• Sir Christopher Wren

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England in the Seventeenth Century Continued

• Economic Activity
• 1660 outdistanced by the Dutch
• had a larger and more productive population
• didnt depend exclusively on seafaring
• Coal for industry is available
• Sheep and woolens were main export
• Putting out system used
• 1600 East India Company
• Wealth was still tied to the land

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Background to the Civil War Parliament and the
Stuart Kings

• New Monarchs clashed with medieval representative
  institutions
• 1588 the monarchy is powerful
• 1688 the Parliament is powerful
• In most places that popular institutions (estates
  general) won out anarchy followed
• Uniqueness of Englands workable solution
  ushered in the modern institutions of liberalism
  and representative institutions

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Background to the Civil War Parliament and the
Stuart Kings Continued

• 1603 Elizabeth I died with no heir
• James the IV of Scotland
• son of Mary Stuart
• became James I of England uniting Scotland and
  England under one crown (Protestant)
• Absolutist as a father taking care of family
• Called the wisest fool in Christendom
• Wrote book called The True Law of Free Monarchy
• Free meant free to rule as he pleased
• Adopted the theory of the Divine right of kings

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Background to the Civil War Parliament and the
Stuart Kings Continued

• Begins to lecture Parliament on the royal rights
• Said he should not have to ask for money
• Wars with Spain left big debt and James wasnt
  thrifty
• Tunnage and poundage
• right of king to collect fixed income on
  imports/exports

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Background to the Civil War Parliament and the
Stuart Kings Continued

• Puritan Parliament refused to accommodate
• Disliked doctrine of Anglican Church
• Being forcefully pushed by Laud
• Discontent with prerogative courts like the Star
  Chamber
• Puritans were property owners and wanted
  protection

William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury
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Background to the Civil War Parliament and the
Stuart Kings Continued

• Parliament
• single representative body for all of England
• unlike Dutch, Spain, France, Germany or Poland
  with local estates
• landed interests controlled both houses nobles
  and gentry
• HOC was mixed with merchant interests
• Secularized as no Abbots remained in either house
• the strong make up of Parliament forced Kings to
  submit to its will
• came to a deadlock in 1629 as Charles I attempted
  to ignore Par

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Ship money dispute

• Traditionally coastal towns provided ships in
  time of war
• Mid 1600 they paid taxes instead
• Charles I needed money
• Extends medieval policy of ship money to all
  towns in England not just coastal cities
• An absolutist view of power

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Ship money dispute

• Parliament (most lived inland) resist new tax
  without its consent
• 1637 Scotland rebels
• Scots rioted against Anglicizing their country
• Short Parliament
• In 1640 Charles called Parliament for
• it refuses his demands
• Charles I dissolved the Parliament, called for
  new elections and the same members are returned
• Long Parliament
• same body of members sat for 20 years
• are known as the Long Parliament
• landowners with merchant support

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Ship money dispute Continued

• Long Parliament (1640-1660)
• Does not assist the King against the Scots but
  uses it to get their demands through
• Demanded royal advisers be removed and put to
  death
• Abolished the Star Chamber
• Abolished bishops (Calvinist view against clergy)

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Ship money dispute Continued

• Solemn League and Covenant
• made Presbyterianism established religion of
  England, Scotland, and Ireland

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The Emergence of Cromwell

• Roundhead (Puritans) defeated the royalists
• Close haircuts of the Puritans
• Oliver Cromwell organized a military force to
  advance the Puritan effort
• More effective military (called the Ironsides)
  religiously motivated
• Army is of more popular
• made up than Parliament and demand broader
  religious policies

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The Emergence of Cromwell

• Cromwell called for the execution of Charles I
  for treason
• Parliament resists
• Cromwell purges the Parliament to a Rump with
  the army
• had 500 members in 1640 and sunk to 150 in 1649
• Cromwell reduced it to 50-60
• called this operation Prides Purge (after
  Puritan general in charge of intimidating
  Parliament)
• 1649 King is condemned of treason and executed
  regicide in 1649
• British Isles declared a republican commonwealth

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Cromwell Foreign and Domestic Policy

• Cromwell subdues Ireland and Scotland by force
• Scots not pleased with Stuart execution (he was a
  Scot)
• Ireland
• Protestants were massacre in 1641 in Ulster
• Garrisons of Wexford and Drogheda are massacred
  by Cromwell
• Priests, as well as women and children
  dispatched in cold blood
• Protestants now take over aristocracy of entire
  island (not just Ulster) (mostly absentee
  landlords)
• Redistributed land to adventurers that ruled in
  absence
• Cromwell was more successful abroad
• Ireland, Navigation Act of 1651, maritime attack
  on the Dutch, preying on the Spanish empire

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Religious and Social Radicalism

• In domestic affairs Cromwell had to continually
  become more strident
• Levellers (liberal and popular) ask for universal
  male suffrage, a constitution, and equal
  representation
• led by John Lilburne (civilian)
• George Fox founded the Society of Friends or
  Quakers
• insisted that believers can have revelations of
  spiritual truth and rejected hierarchies
• Diggers rejected the idea of property

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Protectorate

• As a regicide (King killer) he cannot turn to the
  royalist (conservative and elite)
• 1653 Cromwell bans Parliament and becomes Lord
  Protector
• Provides a constitution Instrument of
  Government
• In reality military dictatorship
• Closed ale houses, prohibited cock fighting
• 1658 Cromwell dies and his son is unable to
  maintain the Protectorate

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Legacy of Revolution

• Reactionary
• 1660 the crown in restored Restoration with
  Charles II
• Religious intolerance was equated thereafter with
  military dictatorship
• Excess democracy or levelling is considered
  abhorrent and popular interests are abandoned