Defense mechanisms:

1
Defense mechanisms

• The Egos form of protection from the struggle
  between the Id and the Superego
• Methods to reduce anxiety by distorting reality

2
Repression

• Banishes anxiety from consciousness
• Explains dreams and slips of the tongue - these
  thoughts are not fully repressed

3
Repression

• Example
• Soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in
  concentration camps during wartime sometimes had
  amnesia and were unable to recall any part of
  their ordeal.

4
Regression

• Retreating to an earlier infantile stage of
  development

5
Regression

• Example
• A 6yr old, who stopped bed wetting at 3, moves
  with his parents to a new neighborhood. During
  the stressful period of adjusting to his new
  home, he again wets the bed for several nights.

6
Reaction Formation

• Makes unacceptable impulses look like the
  opposite
• Saying I hate him but thinking I love him

7
Reaction Formation

• The mother of an unwanted child may feel guilty
  about not welcoming her child. As a result, she
  may try to prove her love by becoming
  overindulgent and overprotective of the child

8
Projection

• Disguises threatening impulses by attributing or
  blaming others
• I failed because the teacher doesnt like me

9
Projection

• Mrs. Krabappel often accuses other women of
  talking too much and spreading rumors. It is
  rather obvious to those who know her that she is
  revealing her own inclinations in that area.

10
Rationalization

• Generate self-justifying explanations to hide
  real reasons for actions

11
Rationalization

• The habitual drinker may insist that he really
  doesnt care much for the taste of alcohol but
  feels that he is obliged to drink with friends
  just to be sociable

12
Displacement

• Diverts ones impulses toward another person or
  object that is more psychologically acceptable

13
Displacement

• Even a top baseball player will strike out on an
  easy pitch. When this happens, his next action
  may be to throw his bat or kick the water cooler
  with all his might.

14
Sublimation

• Finding socially acceptable ways of discharging
  energy from the unconscious

15
Sublimation

• Someone with intense aggressive impulses might
  sublimate them by engaging in contact sports.

16
Denial

• Distorted belief that a real event did not happen

17
Denial

• Student will deny that they did not cheat on a
  test, even though a cheat sheet was found on the
  student.

18
Draw a Pig

• On the blank sheet draw a pig
• You have 3 minutes to draw your pig

19
Pig Analysis

• 1. If the pig is drawn on the top portion of the
  page, you are an optimist and a very positive
  person
• 2. If the pig is drawn in the middle of the
  page, you are realistic and factual
• 3. If the pig is drawn toward the bottom of
  page, you are a pessimist or tend to have a
  negative outlook

20
Pig Analysis

• 4. If the pig is facing left, you are
  traditional, friendly, and remember birthdays and
  dates
• 5. If the pig is facing straight ahead, you are
  direct, like to play devils advocate and dont
  avoid issues
• 6. If the pig is facing right, you are
  innovative, action-oriented, but not family or
  date-oriented

21
Pig Analysis

• 7. If the pig is very detailed you are
  analytical, cautious, and suspicious
• 8. If the pig has very little detail you are
  emotional , bored by details, naïve, and a
  risk-taker
• 9. If the pig has four feet, you are secure,
  stubborn, and have firm beliefs

22
Pig Analysis

• 10. If the pig has less than four feet, you are
  insecure or going through major changes in your
  life
• 11. The larger the pigs ears, the better
  listener you are
• 12. And last, the longer the pigs tail, the
  better your sex life!

23
How has Freud been tested in a scientific
experiment?

• Male subjects were asked to complete innocent
  sounding sentences
• Half performed in presence of male experimenter
• Half performed in presence of an attractive
  female experimenter seductively dressed
• Result
• Males made more slips of the tongue with sexual
  connotation in front of the female

24
Freudian Experiments

• Ex. 1. With the telescope, the details of the
  distant landscape were easy to..
• Ex. 2. The lid wont stay on regardless of how
  much I..
• Say the following nonsense syllables
• bine foddy lood gegs

25
Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Sigmund Freud identified five distinct stages of
  the individual from birth through adolescence.
• Different parts of the body serve as the constant
  quest for pleasure (erogenous zones)
• These stages determine personality

26
Freuds Psychosexual Stages of Development

• 1. Oral Stage (Birth -2yrs) Seek pleasure
  primarily through the mouth.
• Ex. Feeding, thumb-sucking
• How does it show up later?
• Too much or too little gratification may cause
  the individual to become fixated
• As an adult-oral fixation manifests itself as an
  alcoholic, smoker, over-eater, anorexic,
  sarcastic, over dependent.

27
Freuds Psychosexual Stages of Development

• 2. Anal Stage (2-3yrs) Pleasure is primarily
  focused on the anal zone. Process of elimination
  is primary focus of pleasure
• Ex. Toilet Training
• How does it show up later?
• If children were exposed to stress during potty
  training they may exhibit behaviors of being
  excessively stingy or overly generous
• Anal retentive (rigid, responsible and neat)

28
Freuds Psychosexual Stages of Development

• 3. Phallic Stage (3-7yrs) Genitals become
  primary source of pleasure. Realize differences
  between males and females
• Ex. Playing Doctor Kindergarten Cop
• Oedipus/Electra Complex- We fantasize about
  sexual relations with our opposite-sex parent
• Girls experience penis envy---which leads women
  to feel inferior
• Failure to resolve conflict can result in a wide
  range of psychological disorders GAD (General
  Anxiety Disorder, Depression, Guilt, Phobias)

29
Freuds Psychosexual Stages of Development

• 4. Latency Stage (7-11 yrs) Sexual urges are
  repressed
• No new behaviors are shown-Everything is hidden
• 5. Genital Stage (11- Adult) Lust if blended
  with affection. We are capable of adult love.
  Associated with pleasing another rather than
  yourself
• Learn to deal maturely with the opposite sex
• No new conflicts arise, but all of the old ones
  resurface

30
Case of Little Hans

• Freuds analysis of phobias in a 5yr old boy
• His main phobia- a horse was going to bite him
• Hans suffered from anxiety, led to of phobias
• Showed particular interest in his widdler. He
  tendency to play with it, led his mom to threaten
  to cut it off
• He had
• Anxiety of mothers desertion
• Fear of bath
• Fear of being bitten by white horses
• Fantasy of plumber providing larger widdler
• Conclusion Hans showed Oedipus complex love for
  mother, fear of castration by father

31
Strengths Weaknesses of Freud

• Weaknesses
• 1. Work could not be measured scientifically
• 2. Offered no variability (women)
• 3. Biased opinions

• Strengths
• 1. We do have inner conflicts
• 2. Our personality can be affected by events
  that occurred early in life
• 3. Anxiety does play a role in psychological
  problems. We do create defense mechanisms

32
Psychoanalytic Theorists

• Carl Jung (pronounced Yung)
• Considered to be Freuds heir apparent.
• Freud was extremely upset when Jung broke ties
  with him. (More upset over Jungs other ideas
  about the Psychoanalytic theory)
• 1. Collective Unconscious
• Every human being has this as part of their
  unconscious mind
• Its our biological heritage

33
Psychoanalytic Theorists

• 2. Archetypes images that incline us to
  perceive the world in certain ways
• Archetypes we share mother, father, sun, wise
  old man, moon, God, death, hero
• Jung identified TWO important archetypes
• Animus-masculine side of females
• Anima-feminine side of males

34
Psychoanalytic Theorists

• 3. Introvert prefers to observe, tends to be
  quiet, less active in social situations,
  cautious, has no problem being alone
• 4. Extravert open, confident, talkative,
  sociable, tends to give free reign to impulses

35
Psychoanalytic Theorists

• Alfred Adler
• ESTEEM
• 1. striving for superiority- basic motivation in
  human life is a drive for perfection
• 2. feelings of inferiority-normal feelings of
  inadequacy brought on by childhood dependence

36
Alfred Adler

• 3. inferiority complex- inability to overcome
  feelings of inferiority
• 4. compensation- process of engaging in
  activities intended to produce feelings of
  superiority over others, in order to overcome
  feelings of inferiority
• Ex. Very famous female movie icon

37
Marilyn Monroe

• Abandoned by her father
• Mother was placed in an institution when she was
  in elementary school (placed in foster homes)
• At 16, she married a much older man
• Married to a famous athlete and world-renowned
  author
• Committed suicide at 36

38
Psychoanalytic Theorists

• Karen Horney (pronounced Horn-EYE)
• Security-a childs safety and freedom from fear
• Insecurity-a childs fear and unsafe environment.
  Can lead to neurosis
• basic hostility- childs underlying and repressed
  anger toward parents who deny security
• basic anxiety- childs sense of loneliness and
  helplessness in a hostile world

39
Karen Horney

• 3. coping mechanisms- trial and error attempts
  to handle basic anxiety
• Compliance-moving toward people
• Aggression-moving against people
• Detachment-moving away from people
• 4. neurotic tendencies- habitual use of only one
  of the coping mechanisms

40
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 1. If a controversial subject came up in class,
  which would you prefer to do
• A. Join a group of people with similar opinions
• B. Be one of the debaters in a formal debate
• C. Write a report on your opinions

41
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 2. Which are you more likely to do when you meet
  someone new?
• Try hard to get them to like you
• Try to one up them
• Hang back and let them do the talking

42
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 3. If you meet someone of the same gender who
  you decide is more attractive than you, which are
  you more likely to feel?
• A. Okay
• B. Envious
• C. Uncomfortable

43
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 4. In choosing a career, which would be most
  important to you
• A. Dedicating yourself to helping people
• B. Succeeding and being the best at your job
• C. Working independently without a boss

44
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 5. When it comes to participating in group games
  or sports, what do you feel?
• A. You like being part of a team
• B. Winning is very important
• C. You would rather not play

45
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 6. Which best describes you?
• A. You are easy to get along with
• B. You are competitive
• C. You are independent

46
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 7. What do you daydream or fantasize about most?
• A. Love
• B. Success
• C. Being on your own

47
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 8. When people do something to bother you, what
  is your first response?
• A. Pretend that nothing is wrong
  (Passive-Aggressive)
• B. Make it clear that you are being bothered
• C. Completely ignore it

48
Coping Mechanism Inventory

• 9. Which more important to you?
• A. Being liked by people
• B. Being the best at what you do
• C. Being your own person

49
Coping Mechanism Interpretation

• As tendency to move toward people
  Compliance
• Bs tendency to move against people
  Aggression
• Cs tendency to move away from people
  Detachment
• A balance of As, Bs, and Cs might indicate an
  appropriate use of each coping mechanism

50
Handout 15-7Personal Attitudes and Traits

• Point if True is next to 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 13, 16,
  17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33
• Point if False is next to 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12,
  14, 15, 19, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32
• Ave 14
• Measures how much you want to be liked by others.
  Level of Friendliness

51
Handout 15-8 Self-Monitoring Scale

• Point if True circled 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15,
  16, 18, 19, 24, 25
• Point if False circled 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 14, 17,
  20, 21, 22, 23
• Ave 11 High Score18
• Measures how well you express your emotions. How
  well do you read other peoples behavior.

52
BFI-54

• Extraversion-1st reverse numbers for 7, 19, 33
  (15, 24, 33, 42, 51) then add all the
  numbers for 1, 7, 13, 19, 33, 39, 46, 49, 53
  Scores range from 9-45
• Agreeableness-1st reverse numbers for 2, 15, 25,
  40 then add all the numbers for 2, 8, 15, 25, 28,
  34, 40, 45, 51 Scores range from 9-45
• Conscientiousness-1st reverse numbers for 10, 21,
  29, 52 then add all the numbers for 3, 10, 16,
  21, 24, 29, 36, 42, 52 Scores range from 9-45
• Emotional Stability-1st reverse numbers for 5,
  17, 31, 37, 47 then add all the numbers for 5,
  11, 17, 22, 26, 31, 37, 43, 47 Scores range from
  9-45
• Openness-1st reverse numbers in front of 9, 14,
  32, 54 then add all the numbers for 4, 6, 9, 12,
  14, 18, 20, 23, 27, 30, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 48,
  50, 54 Scores range from 18-90

53
BFI-54

• Extraversion-Higher scores (30-45) reflect
  greater extraversion
• Agreeableness-Higher scores (30-45) reflect
  greater agreeableness
• Conscientiousness-Higher scores (30-45) reflect
  greater conscientiousness
• Emotional Stability-Higher scores (30-45) reflect
  greater emotional stability
• Openness- Higher scores (55-90) reflect greater
  openness

54
Handout 5-11

• Measure of Conscientiousness
• Reverse the numbers placed before 10 items with
  an asterisk and then add all 20 responses
  together.
• The average score for conscientiousness is 123.

55
Projective Testing Analysis

• Box 1-Conformity
• Box 2-Self Centeredness
• Box 3-Sociability
• Box 4-Interest in Sex
• Box 5-Mechanical Ability
• Box 6-Creativity

56
Which Friends Character has these traits?

• Anxious
• Smart
• Serious
• Responsible
• Sensitive

57
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58
Which Friends character has these traits?

• Emotional
• Moody
• Materialistic
• Dramatic
• Glamorous

59
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60
Which Friends character has these traits?

• Ditsy
• Quirky
• Silly
• Fun-loving
• Talkative

61
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62
Which Friends character has these traits?

• Obsessive
• Dramatic
• Organized/Neat
• Neurotic
• Competitive

63
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64
Which Friends character has these traits?

• Dumb
• Immature
• Truthful
• Funny
• Jokester

65
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66
Which Friends character has these traits?

• Sarcastic
• Childish
• Melodramatic
• Stubborn
• Competitive

67
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