SPACE

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SPACE
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Beginnings

• Isaac Newton
• Came up with new theory of gravitation in 1687
• First person to come up with the idea of
  artificial satellites orbiting the Earth
• Early 20th Century
• Scientists began figuring out how they could send
  a satellite high enough/ fast enough to place it
  in orbit around Earth

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Research WWII-Post WWII

• WWII Research
• 1943-1946 At this time, rockets were too weak to
  boost a satellite to orbit the Earth
• Engineers began working harder to develop a way
  to get satellites into orbit
• 1954 Engineers were sure that launching a
  satellite would be possible soon

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Soviet Union (USSR) vs. United States

• USSR and the U.S. announced plans to develop
  satellites in 1955
• Remember the arms race between the two countries
  during the Cold War???
• Russian engineers designed the first
  Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) rocket
  in the mid-1950s.
• Known as R-7
• Testing on these rockets began in 1956

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Soviets Have an Idea

• If R-7 could fly 4,000 milesmaybe something
  could be transported in it
• An artificial Earth satellite should be created!
• Iskustvennyi Sputnik Zemli
• Completed June 1957
• Name means Fellow Traveler of the Earth
• Called Sputnik for short

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Sputnik

• Soviet Union launched Sputnik in October, 1957
• 184 pound ball
• The first artificial Earth satellite
• In orbit beeping for 3 weeks
• Burned as it fell back into the atmosphere in
  January, 1958

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Dawn of the Space Age

• The launching of Sputnik the Dawn of the Space
  Age
• Sputnik was the most significant event since
  explosion of the atom bomb in 1945
• Sputnik humiliated the American ego
• A bloodless Pearl Harbor
• What?

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USSR Forces the U.S. to Action

• Sputnik 2 Launched November 1957
• Carried a live dog on board
• Caused the U.S. to take action and make progress
  in Space
• Eisenhower approves 1billion for national
  security

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The Military is in Charge

• U.S. Army and Navy both had ballistic missile
  projects underway
• In a race to see who would be the first American
  service to orbit a satellite
• Two months after the launch of Sputnik 1,
  Eisenhower gave the Navy permission to send the
  first satellite into orbit
• Vanguard rocket would carry it

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Vanguard

• December 6, 1957
• Vanguard lost control 2 seconds after launch
• Only 4 feet off launch pad, fell back and
  exploded
• Newspapers called it Kaputnik and Stayputnik

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The Navy Tries Again

• The Navy made another attempt to beat the Army on
  January 25, 1958
• Rocket exploded again 14 seconds after being
  launched
• Its the Armys turn now

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Explorer 1

• U.S. Armys Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville, AL
• This is the same place where the designs for
  later vehicles that would carry astronauts to the
  Moon in 1969
• The Army was asked to send a satellite to orbit
• Trying to erase the embarrassment from the Navys
  disasters

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Explorer 1

• January 31, 1958
• Launched satellite Explorer-1 aboard the
  Jupiter-C rocket
• Explorer-1s batteries died 5 months after launch
• Plunged into Earths atmosphere and burned on
  March 31, 1970

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Armys Embarrassments/Navys Successes

• March 5, 1958 Explorer-2 failed to reach orbit
• March 17, 1958 Vanguard-3 successfully reached
  orbit
• March 28, 1958 Explorer-3 reached orbit
• Carried instruments to measure cosmic rays,
  meteorites, and temperature

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Sputnik-3

• Geophysical observatory
• Successfully launched on May 15
• Solar-powered
• Weighed 2,925 pounds

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NASA

• July 29, 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act
• Developed National Aeronautics and Space
  Administration (NASA)
• First civilian space research group
• October 1, 1958 NASA was founded

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Vostok 1

• First man to orbit the Earth
• Yuri Gagarin
• Technically didnt count because he ejected
  before the capsule came down!

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So did America have success?

• Yes!
• Mercury program
• One man space capsules
• Alan Shepard on Freedom 7 was the first American
  in space on May 5, 1961
• John Glenn was the first American to orbit the
  Earth on February 20, 1962

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Mercury AstronautsDeke Sleyton, Gus Grissom,
Gordo Cooper, Alan Shepard, Scott Carpenter,
Wally Schirra, John Glenn
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Gemini program

• Two man space capsules
• Space walks
• Edward White on June 3, 1965

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Apollo the quest to land men on the moon

• President Kennedy instituted the space program
  with the goal of landing a man on the moon by the
  end of the decade
• Accomplished July 20, 1969 under President Nixon.
• Titan rocket still in use today

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Apollo 1

• Apollo 1 January 27, 1967
• Kennedy Space Center, Florida
• Astronauts killed Gus Grissom, Ed White, Roger
  Chaffee
• Space capsule caught fire atop launch pad during
  a launch pad test

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Apollo 8

• First to orbit the moon
• Frank Borman
• James Lovell
• Bill Anderson
• December 21, 1968

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Apollo 11

• First men on the moon
• Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin with Michael
  Collins
• July 20, 1969

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Apollo 13

• Considered a successful failure because they
  got home safely
• Did not land on the moon
• James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Haise

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Apollo 17

• Last flight to the moon
• December 7, 1972
• Ron Evans, Harrison Schmitt, and Gene Cernan
• Cernan is to date the last man to stand on the
  moon

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Skylab/Mir programs

• Orbiting platform
• Experiments in space
• Launch point to other places
• May 14, 1973

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Space Shuttle Program

• Reusable spacecraft
• Enterprise.
• Columbia
• Challenger
• Discovery
• Atlantis
• Endeavour

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Challenger

• January 28, 1986
• Kennedy Space Center, Florida
• Space shuttle exploded 73 seconds after liftoff
• 7 Passengers killed in the explosion

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Challenger
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Columbia

• February 1, 2003
• Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during
  re-entry into Earths atmosphere
• Over Texas
• 7 crew members were killed
• This was Columbias 28th mission

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Where do we go from here?

• Orion - designed to carry astronauts back to the
  moon and beyond, possible even Mars
• U.S. astronauts are slated to return to the moon
  no later than 2020.

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• Orion will be a near carbon copy of the Apollo
  spacecraft.
• It will be larger than the Apollo command module
  carrying four astronauts (possibly six) as
  opposed to three.

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What are some products we got from the space
program?

• TV Satellite Dish NASA developed ways to correct
  errors in the signals coming from the spacecraft.
  This technology is used to reduce noise (that is,
  messed up picture or sound) in TV signals coming
  from satellites.

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• Medical Imaging NASA developed ways to process
  signals from spacecraft to produce clearer
  images. This technology also makes possible these
  photo-like images of our insides.

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• Pyrex and Corningware
• was developed as heat resistant glass that would
  not shatter when exposed to extremes of
  temperature

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• Ear Thermometer Instead of measuring temperature
  using a column of mercury (which expands as it
  heats up), this thermometer has a lens like a
  camera and detects infrared energy, which we feel
  as heat. The warmer something is (like your
  body), the more infrared energy it puts out. This
  technology was originally developed to detect the
  birth of stars.

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• Fire Fighter Equipment Fire fighters wear suits
  made of fire resistant fabric developed for use
  in space suits.

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• Smoke Detector First used in the Earth orbiting
  space station called Skylab (launched back in
  1973) to help detect any toxic vapors. Now used
  in most homes and other buildings to warn people
  of fire.

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• Sun Tiger Glasses From research done on
  materials to protect the eyes of welders working
  on spacecraft, protective lenses were developed
  that block almost all the wavelengths of
  radiation that might harm the eyes, while letting
  through all the useful wavelengths that let us
  see.

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• Automobile Design Tools A computer program
  developed by NASA to analyze a spacecraft or
  airplane design and predict how parts will
  perform is now used to help design automobiles.
  This kind of software can save car makers a lot
  of money by letting them see how well a design
  will work even before they build a prototype.

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• Cordless Tools Portable, self-contained power
  tools were originally developed to help Apollo
  astronauts drill for moon samples. This
  technology has lead to development of such tools
  as the cordless vacuum cleaner, power drill,
  shrub trimmers, and grass shears.

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• Aerodynamic Bicycle Wheel A special bike wheel
  uses NASA research in airfoils (wings) and design
  software developed for the space program. The
  three spokes on the wheel act like wings, making
  the bicycle very efficient for racing.

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• Thermal Gloves and Boots These gloves and boots
  have heating elements that run on rechargeable
  batteries worn on the inside wrist of the gloves
  or embedded in the sole of the ski boot. This
  technology was adapted from a spacesuit design
  for the Apollo astronauts.

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• Space Pens The Fisher Space Pen was developed
  for use in space. Most pens depend on gravity to
  make the ink flow into the ball point. For this
  space pen, the ink cartridge contains pressured
  gas to push the ink toward the ball point. That
  means, you can lie in bed and write upside down
  with this pen! Also, it uses a special ink that
  works in very hot and very cold environments.

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• Shock Absorbing Helmets These special football
  helmets use a padding of Temper Foam, a shock
  absorbing material first developed for space
  helmets

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And last but not least

• Disposable diapers
• Special absorbent material that was not bulky and
  would not bunch up
• Developed for long space flights