Prehistory to Egypt

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Prehistory to Egypt

• up to circa 1,000 BC

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Introduction

• Period before writing
• Paleolithic, up to 13,000 BC
• Mesolithic, 13,000 - 8,000 BC
• Neolithic, after 8,000 BC
• Paleoold, mesomiddle, neonew
• lithicstone

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The first Art

• Development of early visual art
• Dark outline
• Outline with one color fill
• Outline with two contrasting colors
• Multi-colored, realistic paintings
• First Sculpture 30,000 - 15,000 BC
• Venus figures

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Venus of Willendorf

• c. 30,000BC

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Cave painting

• Lascaux France - 13,000 BC
• Hall of the Running Bulls

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Cave painting
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Cave painting
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Mesopotamia

• Meso - middle potamia - water
• between Tigris Euphrates rivers
• circa 8,000 BC
• Beginnings of Agriculture
• Made a stable society possible
• What is Culture?
• Originally - transmitting knowledge of growing
  food
• Now - all knowledge of a society

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Map of Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia

• Inventions
• 1. Pottery
• 2. Weaving
• 3. Permanent houses
• 4. Organized cities
• 5. Buying and selling of crops
• 6. Calendars

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Mesopotamia

• Inventions cont.
• 7. Mathematics
• the idea of Zero
• 8. Writing
• 9. Sail
• 10. Wheel

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Sumer - 6,000 BC

• 4 inventions
• 1. Writing
• Cuneiform (Wedge shaped)
• 2. System of Math based on 60
• 60 seconds, 60 minutes, 360 degrees
• 3. Wheel c. 3000BC
• easier transportation
• 4. Beer c.3500BC
• safe drink

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Sumer cont.

• Divine monarchy supported by armed forces
• now the basis of all government
• Ziggurat
• stepped pyramid
• reverential climbing
• ritual, priests did praying, not people
• used offerings, sacrifices

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Ziggurat
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Tell Asmar Statues, c. 2,750 BC
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He-Goat, c. 2,600 BC
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Standard of Ur, c. 2,400 BC
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Sumer cont.

• Gilgamesh, c. 2,000 BC
• ruler of Uruk (Erech in the bible)
• first Epic/buddy story
• Robinhood Little John, etc.
• Gilgamesh is oppressive king
• the Gods send Enkidu to wrestle Gilgamesh
• the match ends in a draw
• they become friends

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Gilgamesh cont.

• They share many adventures together
• They return to Uruk
• Ishtar professes her love for Gilgamesh
• Gilgamesh rejects her
• Ishtar sends the bull of heaven to kill Gilgamesh
• Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull

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Gilgamesh cont.

• for this the Gods condemn Enkidu to die
• This greatly troubles Gilgamesh
• He goes to Utnapishtim seeking immorality
• Utnap. Shares the story of the great flood
• He also tells Gil. Of the location of the plant
  of eternal life

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Gilgamesh cont.

• It is located at the bottom of the sea
• Gil. Swims and gets it
• He returns to the surface and meets a snake
• The snake tricks him out of the plant
• Gil. Returns home and dies a lonely death

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European Ice-Age cultures

• c. 4,000 - 1,000 BC
• Stonehenge c. 1,400 BC
• various stone circles around northern Europe
• man-made mounds

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Stonehenge
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Stonehenge drawing
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Babylon

• c. 1,900 - 539 BC
• Hammurabis Code of Laws
• An eye for and eye
• Nebuchadnezzer
• Jewish capitivity (586-538 BC)
• Temple of Entemenaki (Ziggurat)
• Foundation of Heaven and Earth
• may have been the Tower of Babel

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Tower of Babel
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Babylon cont.

• Hanging Gardens
• One of 7 ancient wonders of the world
• Belshazzar (563-539 BC)
• Daniel and the Lions Den
• Samson and Delilah

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Assyria

• c. 1,000 BC
• Mesopotamia
• First militaristic state
• Huge cites with master plan
• laid out to show class system
• Sargon II - built, occupied, and abandoned in 1
  generation (20 years)

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Persia

• 539-331 BC
• took over Babylon
• network of roads

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Persia cont.

• Zoroastrianism
• 1st ethical, monotheistic religion
• Twin evil spirit (devil) to the one God
• Personal religion, no rituals, priests, or
  temples
• waiting for coming savior, judgement, resurrection

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Judea

• Hebrews, 12 tribes
• earliest written Bible from time of King David,
  1,000-961 BC
• Third King - Solomon 961-922 BC
• Temple of Solomon
• House of the Lord
• not a place for common worshippers
• plans detailed in I Kings, 5-9

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Temple of Solomon
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Africa

• General Concepts
• Non-Western culture Africa India Far East
• Western culture influenced by the Greeks

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Circular view of time, re-occurring cycles

• (also by Meso-american peoples)

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Western view of time as linear

• Past Present Future

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Africa cont.

• All art is useful, no art for arts sake
• Not written, oral transmission
• Art as symbol of traditions
• Reinforce practices that keep tribe alive

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Literature / Drama

• Mythology / Myth
• popular def. - Impossible or untrue story
• Real def. profound human truth portrayed by a
  fictional story (proverb, parable, fable, etc.)
• Strong ethnic/tribal identity

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2 basic questions of story-telling

• Where did we come from?
• Where do we go?
• Trickster tale
• 1 character tricks or betrays another
• good and bad tricksters
• has a moral at the end

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Music

• Northern Africa
• Muslim/Islamic
• Arabic
• Small groups
• Vocal and instruments

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Music

• Western Africa
• Complex rhythms/Polyrhythms
• Repeated patterns with soloist
• Percussion, sometimes with vocal
• Unaccompanied vocal
• Large Ensembles
• Essential for all ceremonies

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Visual Arts

• Art classified by purpose
• Household objects
• Head rests
• Stools
• Pot lids

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Visual arts cont.

• Fetish figures
• Object with supernatural powers
• Power in relation to size
• Good or bad
• Composite works

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Ritual

• Initiation rites
• Transition from child to adult
• Bar Mivtoza
• Drivers License
• Dance costumes

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Kente Cloth

• Geometric
• Simple Colors
• Strip weaving
• Strips sewn together to make larger pieces of
  fabric
• Each tribe has its own pattern (like tartans to
  the Scots)

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Kente cloth
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Kente cloth
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Kente cloth
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Masks

• Spirit
• Ancestor
• uses idea or trait of animal
• gazelle fast
• lion great hunter
• never thrown away, but destroyed

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African Mask examples
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Fertility figures

• Continuance of tribe
• Dolls (Venus type figures common)
• Used by mother until childbirth
• then given to female child to ensure her fertility

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Religious figures

• Creation myth
• Primordial couple (Adam Eve), or
• Two pairs of twins
• One destroys the other in a struggle of good vs.
  evil(Cain Able, Egyptian Greek myths)

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Reliquary figures

• Holds bones of ancestor (cremation urn)
• Ancestor spirit in control
• Older people almost worshipped in many tribes
• Elders many times rule tribe

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Dance

• Very important
• To be Ashante King, you had to be a good dancer
• Mimics animals
• Displays power, virtue, honors ancestors
• Free expression

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Dance

• religion without dance would be impossible
• Dance acc. By drums
• Drum censorship

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Egypt

• 4,000BC - 332AD
• Longest, uninterrupted history of any culture

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Egypt cont.

• Pre-dynastic
• 4,000 - 3,000BC
• Old Kingdom
• 3,000 - 2,400BC
• Middle Kingdom
• 2,400 - 1,575BC

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Egypt cont.

• New Kingdom
• 1,575 - 1,100BC
• Late period
• 1,100BC - 332AD
• c. 600BC - conquest by Persia
• 332AD - conquest by Rome
• Ptolemaic period (Ruled by Rome)
• after 332AD

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General Concepts

• Protected by deserts, isolated
• Depended on yearly flooding of Nile
• Art in service of the Pharaoh
• Order and Balance
• 90 of population within 10 miles of Nile

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Maps of Egypt
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Egyptian MythologyINTRODUCTION The religious
beliefs of the ancient Egyptians were the
dominating influence in the development of their
culture.A true religion, in the sense of a
unified theological system, never existed among
them.The Egyptian faith was based on an
unorganized collection of ancient myths, nature
worship, and innumerable deities.In the most
influential and famous of these myths a divine
hierarchy is developed and the creation of the
earth is explained.
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CREATION  According to the Egyptian account of
creation, only the ocean existed at first. Then
Ra, the sun, came out of an egg that appeared on
the surface of the water. Ra brought forth four
children, the gods Shu and Geb and the goddesses
Tefnut and Nut. Shu and Tefnut became the
atmosphere. They stood on Geb, who became the
earth, and raised up Nut, who became the sky.
Ra ruled over all.
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Geb and Nut later had two sons, Set and Osiris,
and two daughters, Isis and Nephthys. Osiris
succeeded Ra as king of the earth, helped by
Isis, his sister-wife. Set, however, hated his
brother and killed him. (Osiris Isis legend,
see below)Isis then embalmed her husbands body
with the help of the god Anubis, who thus became
the god of embalming. The powerful charms of
Isis resurrected Osiris, who became king of the
netherworld, the land of the dead. Horus, who
was the son of Osiris and Isis, later defeated
Set in a great battle and became king of the
earth.
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Nut and Geb
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The Legend of Osiris and IsisThere were the
four children of Geb and Nut Boys - Osiris
Set Girls Isis NephthysOsiris married
IsisSet married NephthysOsiris became the
living king of EgyptSet was VERY jealous of
thisSet tricked Osiris into getting into a gold
box, which he then closed and threw into the
NileSet took the throne of Egypt
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This upset Sets wife, Nephthys, and she left him
to help her sister IsisTogether, Isis and
Nephthys found the body of Osiris on the island
of Byblos and brought it back to EgyptSet found
the body and ripped it into 14 pieces, throwing
them again into the Nile, where they were
scattered.Isis and Nephthys went all over Egypt
and found the 13 of the parts (all except the
penis), building a temple to Osiris at each
placeIsis then bound up the 13 pieces in cloth
(mummification), and constructed a penisIsis
turned into a Kite (a hawk) and flapped her wings
on the body of Osiris, breathing the wind of life
back into his body
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Osiris and Isis then had a child, HoursIsis
raises Horus in secret so Set cannot find
himOsiris becomes the lord of the dead, as he
was the fist person to dieWhen Horus grows up,
he avenges his fathers death by defeating
SetHorus castrates Set and sends him into the
desert to live forever in isolationHorus
becomes the prototype pharaoh, after which all
pharaohs are viewed as divine, being Horus
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LOCAL GODS  Ennead, a group of nine divinities,
and the triad, consisting of a divine father,
mother, and son. Every local temple in Egypt
possessed its own ennead and triad. The
greatest ennead, however, was that of Ra and his
children and grandchildren. This group was
worshiped at Heliopolis, the center of sun
worship. Their importance increased with the
political ascendancy of the localities where they
were worshiped. As the religion became more
involved, true deities were sometimes confused
with human beings who had been glorified after
death. Thus, Imhotep, who was originally the
chief minister of the 3rd Dynasty ruler Zoser,
was later regarded as a demigod.
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ICONOGRAPHY  The Egyptian gods were represented
with human torsos and human or animal heads.
Sometimes the animal or bird expressed the
characteristics of the god. Ra, for example, had
the head of a hawk, and the hawk was sacred to
him because of its swift flight across the
skyAnubis was given the head of a jackal
because these animals ravaged the desert graves
in ancient times.Because of the gods to which
they were attached, the sacred animals were
venerated, but they were never worshiped until
the decadent 26th Dynasty. The gods were also
represented by symbols, such as the sun disk and
hawk wings that were worn on the headdress of the
pharaoh.
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SUN WORSHIP  The only important god who was
worshiped with consistency was Ra, chief of
cosmic deities, from whom early Egyptian kings
claimed descent. Beginning with the Middle
Kingdom (2134-1668 BC)Ra worship acquired the
status of a state religion. During the 18th
Dynasty the pharaoh Amenhotep III renamed the sun
god Aton, an ancient term for the physical solar
force.
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Amenhotep IV, instituted a revolution in Egyptian
religion by proclaiming Aton the true and only
god. He changed his own name to Akhenaton,
meaning "Aton is satisfied." This first great
monotheist was so iconoclastic that he had the
plural word gods deleted from monuments, and he
relentlessly persecuted the priests of Amon.
Akhenatons sun religion failed to survive,
although it exerted a great influence on the art
and thinking of his time, and Egypt returned to
the ancient religion of polytheism after
Akhenatons death.
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BURIAL RITUAL - The Book of the Dead  Burying
the dead was of religious concern in Egypt, and
Egyptian funerary rituals and equipment
eventually became the most elaborate the world
has ever known. The Egyptians believed that the
vital life-force was the ka. The ka, a
duplicate of the body, accompanied the body
throughout life and, after death, departed from
the body to take its place in the kingdom of the
dead. The ka, however, could not exist without
the body every effort had to be made, therefore,
to preserve the corpse. Bodies were embalmed
and mummified according to a traditional method
supposedly begun by Isis, who mummified her
husband Osiris.
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After arriving in the kingdom of the dead, the ka
was judged by Osiris, the king of the dead, and
42 demon assistants. The Book of the Dead also
contains instructions for proper conduct before
these judges. If the judges decided the
deceased had been a sinner, the ka was condemned
to hunger and thirst or to be torn to pieces by
horrible executioners. If the decision was
favorable, the ka went to the heavenly realm of
the fields of Yaru.
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Anubis as the God of Embalming
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Gods and GoddessesAnubisAnubis was the son
of Nephthys.Anubis was depicted as a jackal, or
as a jackal-headed man.Probably because of the
jackal's tendency to prowl around tombs, he
became associated with the dead, and by the Old
Kingdom.Anubis was worshipped as the inventor
of embalming, who had embalmed the dead Osiris,
thus helping preserve him in order to live again.
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Anubis
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ApisAn early deity, probably the best known
Egyptian deity represented only as an animal.He
was represented as a bull crowned with the solar
disk and serpent.He was primarily a deity of
fertility.
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AtenThe sun-disk itself.Aten was depicted as
a disk with rays, each ray terminating in a human
hand and bestowing symbols of "life" upon those
below.
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BastA cat-goddess.A protector of cats and
those who cared for cats. As a result, an
important deity in the home (since cats were
prized pets).
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Bast
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GebThe god of the earth.He is generally
represented as a man with green or black skin -
the color of living things, and the color of the
fertile Nile mud.Note that Geb is masculine,
contrasting with many other traditions of Earth
being female.
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HathorA very old goddess of Egypt, worshiped as
a cow-deity from earliest times.She was usually
shown with a solar disk flanked by cow horns on
her head.She was also the patron of love,
dance, alcohol, and foreign lands.
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Hathor
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HorusOne of the most important deities of
Egypt. As the Child, Horus is the son of Osiris
and Isis, who, upon reaching adulthood, avenges
his father's death, by defeating and castrating
his evil uncle Set. He then became the divine
prototype of the Pharaoh.Shown with the head of
a hawk.
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Horus
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ImhotepImhotep was a historical figure. He was
the architect, physician, scribe, and vizier
(adviser) of the 3rd Dynasty pharaoh Zoser.It
was Imhotep who conceived and built the Step
Pyramid at Sakkara.In the Late Period, Imhotep
was worshipped as the son of Ptah and a god of
medicine, as well as the patron of scribes. He
was one of the few mortals born of common blood
to be elevated to the rank of deity.
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IsisPerhaps the most important goddess (or god,
for that matter) of all Egyptian mythology.Her
most important functions, however, were those of
motherhood, marital devotion, healing the sick,
and the working of magical spells and charms.
She was believed to be the most powerful
magician in the universe, owing to the fact that
she had learned the Secret Name of Ra from the
god himself.She was the sister and wife of
Osiris, sister of Set, and twin sister of
Nephthys, and was the mother of Horus. Isis was
responsible for protecting Horus from Set during
his infancy for helping Osiris to return to
life and for assisting her husband to rule in
the land of the Dead.
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Isis
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Nephthys"Lady of the House", the youngest child
of Geb and Nut.The sister and wife of Set, and
sister of Isis and Osiris also the mother of
Anubis.She abandoned Set when he killed Osiris,
and assisted Isis in the care of Horus and the
resurrection of Osiris. She was, along with her
sister, considered the special protectress of the
dead, and she was the guardian of Hapi, the
protector of the lungs of the deceased.
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Nephthys
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NutThe goddess of the sky.Nut was generally
depicted as a woman with blue skin, and her body
covered with stars, standing on all fours,
leaning over her husband Geb, representing the
sky arched over the earth.
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OsirisThe god of the dead, and the god of the
resurrection into eternal life ruler, protector,
and judge of the deceased.Osiris was the first
child of Nut and Geb, thus the brother of Set,
Nephthys, and Isis, who was also his wife. By
Isis he fathered Horus, and according to some
stories, Nephthys assumed the form of Isis,
seduced him thus, and from their union was born
Anubis.Being the first person to die, he
subsequently became lord of the dead.
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Osiris
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Pharaohs as deitiesFrom earliest times in Egypt
the pharaohs were worshipped as gods the son of
Ra, the son of Horus, etc. The pharaoh was
looked upon as being chosen by and favored by the
gods, his fathers.
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RaRa was the god of the sun the name is
thought to have meant "creative power", and as a
proper name "Creator", similar to English
Christian usage of the term "Creator" to signify
the "almighty God."Very early in Egyptian
history, Ra was identified with Horus, who as a
hawk or falon-god represented the loftiness of
the skies. Ra is represented either as a
hawk-headed man or as a hawk.In order to travel
through the waters of Heaven and the Underworld,
Ra was also depicted as traveling in a boat.
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Ra
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SekhmetA lioness goddessCreated by Ra from
the fire of his eyes as a creature of vengeance
to punish mankind for his sins.
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SelketA scorpion-goddess, shown as a beautiful
woman with a scorpion poised on her head her
creature struck death to the wicked.She was
also petitioned to save the lives of innocent
people stung by scorpions and was also viewed as
a helper of women in childbirth.She is depicted
as binding up demons that would otherwise
threaten Ra, and she sent seven of her scorpions
to protect Isis from Set.She protected
Qebehsenuef, the son of Horus who guarded the
intestines of the deceased.She was made famous
by her statue from Tutankhamen's tomb, which was
part of the collection which toured America in
the 1970's.
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Selket
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SetHe was the patron deity of Lower (Northern)
Egypt, and represented the fierce storms of the
desert that the Lower Egyptians sought to
appease.When Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt
and ushered in the 1st Dynasty, Set became known
as the evil enemy of Horus (Upper Egypt's
dynastic god).Set is best known for murdering
his brother and attempting to kill his nephew
Horus.Horus, however, managed to survive and
grew up to avenge his father's death by
establishing his rule over all Egypt, castrating
Set, and casting him out into the lonely desert
for all time.
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Set
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SobekThe crocodile god.Sobek was worshipped
to appease him and his animals
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Sobek
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ThothThe god of wisdom, Thoth was said to be
self-created at the beginning of time, along with
his consort Ma'at (truth).Thoth was depicted as
a man with the head of an ibis bird, and carried
a pen and scrolls upon which he recorded all
things. He was shown as attendant in almost all
major scenes involving the gods, but especially
at the judgement of the deceased. He served as
the messenger of the gods, and was thus equated
by the Greeks with Hermes.He is a god of the
moon, and is also the god of time, magic, and
writing. He was considered the inventor of the
hieroglyphs.
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Thoth
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Literature / Drama

• Old Kingdom beginnings of Hieroglyphics -
  ("sacred carving")
• INTRODUCTION
• Characters in any of several systems of writing
  in which the characters are pictorial, that is,
  represent recognizable objects.
• The term hieroglyph is, however, most generally
  associated with the script in which the ancient
  Egyptian language was written the Greeks applied
  the term to the decorative characters carved on
  Egyptian standing monuments.

106
Hieroglyphics

• The word hieroglyphic was later used to describe
  the pictorial writing systems of the Hittites,
  Cretans, and Mayans, but their systems are in no
  way related to one another or to the Egyptian,
  having in common only that they are pictorial.

107
IDEOGRAMS AND PHONOGRAMS

• Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions are composed
  of two basic types of signs ideograms and
  phonograms.
• Ideograms signify either the specific object
  drawn or something closely related to it for
  example, a picture of the sun may mean "sun" or
  "day".
• Phonograms, or sound signs, were used purely for
  their phonetic value and have no relationship to
  the word they are used to spell.

108
IDEOGRAMS AND PHONOGRAMS

• The development of the principle, by which the
  picture of an object could stand not only for
  that object but also for a word with the same
  sound but a different meaning, made possible the
  writing of proper nouns and abstract ideas.
• A sign might serve as an ideogram in one word and
  as a phonogram in another.
• Most words were written with a combination of
  phonetic and pictorial signs.

109
IDEOGRAMS AND PHONOGRAMS

• A picture of the floor plan of a house meant
  "house," but the same sign followed by a phonetic
  complement and a picture of a pair of walking
  legs was used to write the verb meaning "to go
  out."

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ARRANGEMENT OF HIEROGLYPHIC INSCRIPTIONS
 Hieroglyphic inscriptions could be written
either vertically or horizontally, usually from
right to left, or top to bottom.The direction
for any given inscription is indicated by the
individual signs, which normally face the
beginning of the inscription. The king's two
most common names were inscribed in cartouches or
"royal rings," stylized representations of loops
formed by a double thickness of rope with the
ends tied at the bottom.
111
DECIPHERMENT OF HIEROGLYPHS  The Romans
believed that Egyptian hieroglyphs were symbolic
and allegorical, not phonetic this theory
prevailed into the time of the Renaissance. The
breakthrough came in 1799, when a soldier serving
in Napoleon's campaign in Egypt discovered the
Rosetta Stone, a bilingual stela inscribed (196
BC) with a decree in honor of Ptolemy V in Greek,
hieroglyphic, and demotic (popular writing
form) Egyptian.
112
It was not until the work (begun 1821) of the
French Egyptologist, Jean François Champollion,
however, that the two Egyptian scripts were
recognized as phonetic. In earlier stages of
the work Champollion had predicted the
hieroglyphic spelling of various royal names
based on the demotic these spellings were
confirmed by actual cartouches on the Rosetta
Stone and other Ptolemaic monuments. After
identifying the names and titles of the
Greco-Roman rulers, he combined the phonetic
values he had so derived with his knowledge of
Coptic, the late stage of the Egyptian language.
This achievement enabled him to decipher
earlier Pharaonic cartouches. In 1822 the
decipherment of the script was completed.
113
(No Transcript)
114
Hieroglyphic name translator web page

• http//www.eyelid.co.uk/e-name.htm

115
Sculpture / "Solid" arts

• 1st and most important art form of the Egyptians
• Small to life-sized
• Realistic, with some idealization
• Cubic, upright rectangle, frontal
• To be viewed from the front
• To glorify the king, and to give the spirit the
  things it needed for the after-life

116
Show parts of the body from their most
identifiable side Head side Lower body
side Eye front Upper body frontFace
rarely shown from frontIdea was to
preserve the essence of what was being shown, not
always realistic.
117
Old Kingdom

• Oldest surviving metal statue
• Pepi I (ruled 2395-2360BC)
• Copper, circa 2300BC
• Pottery
• Well made
• Variety of shapes
• Usually un-decorated

118
Old Kingdom

• Jewelry
• Gold and precious stones
• Animal and plant designs

119
Middle Kingdom

• More realism (less idealization)
• Jewelry
• Precious metal inlaid with colored stones
• Few large sculptures

120
New Kingdom

• Combination of realism and idealization
• Decorative arts
• Well designed and made
• Alabaster, ebony, gold, ivory, precious stones
• Love of decoration

121
Painting / "Visual" Arts

• Relief carving
• Painting on carvings and sculptures
• Tomb wall painting
• Palette of King Narmer
• 3100BC
• Shows uniting of upper and lower Egypt
• Make-up palette
• Shows king in smiting pose
• Arm raised in striking gesture

122
Palette of King Narmer
123
Treasures of King Tut
124
Tomb plan
125
Antechamber as found
126
Opening the three coffins
127
Gold mask as found
128
Gold mask restored
129
Anubis
130
Alabaster case
131
Canoptic shrine
132
Two part case
133
Portrait head
134
Relief of Selket
135
Tuts throne
136
Vulture pendant
137
Wooden chest
138
Architecture2nd most important art
formOld KingdomImhotep, architect for
Zoser Stepped pyramid at Saqqarah c.
2,720BC Grew from mastaba (Ar. bench)
139
Pyramids - c. 2700BC

• 80 still in existence
• Giza Pyrmid complex most famous
• Oldest existent complete buildings in the world
• Only remaining structure of the 7 ancient wonders
  of the world.
• Necropolis city of the dead

140
Reconstruction of the pyramid complex
141
Cheops/Khufu (The Great pyramid)

• 755 8 on a side (13 acres, area of 10 football
  fields)
• 481 tall (40 story building, 1 and 2/3 football
  fields)
• 2.3 million blocks
• Base covers 13 acres
• Base is level 1/4 inch from corner to corner
• Oriented perfectly N and S
• Used as a Geodetic marker for the entire ancient
  world
• Is at the center of a circle drawn around the
  Nile Delta

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the other pyrimads at Giza

• Chephren/Khafre, son of Cheops
• 707 on a side
• 471 tall
• appears taller because its built on higher
  ground
• Mycerinus, son of Chephren
• 356 on a side
• Less well made

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Man fears time,time fears the pyramids.
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Sphnix head of man, body of lion, guardian of
pyramids
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Architecture

• Middle Kingdom
• Little building, almost none still existing
• New Kingdom
• New focus on religious building(see following)

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Temple at Luxor

• Temple of Amun, Mut, and Chons
• Anchorage for the royal boats during the floods
• Main religious center at various times in
  Egyptian history

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Temple at Luxor
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Temple at Al Karnak

• Valley of the Kings
• Tombs cut into rock, underground
• Covered to hide (Tutankhamun)

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Temple at Al Karnak
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Tomb of Hatshepsut

• Only true female pharaoh
• Vast above ground, terraced structure
• Many shrines to gods and carvings of her
  accomplishments

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Temple at Abu Simbal

• 4 large statues of Ramses II (pharaoh at the time
  of Moses)
• Deep rock-cut temples behind in mountain
• Moved in 1968 to save it from the rising of Lake
  Nasser

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Temple at Abu Simbal